北半球赤道附近的东北贸易风带动海水自东向西流.PPT

* Wave -- Wave begin to form as soon as the wind starts to blow * Wave characters; crest, trough, height, wavelength, and period * Water particle motion in wave * Seas, swell, and surf Tides Tide are caused by a combination of the gravity of the sun and moon ad the centrifugal force results from the rotation of earth, sun and moon * * -- It takes 24 hours and 50 minutes to catch-up the mon * Tides Spring tide Neap tide Semidiurnal tide (most places) * (west coast of US and Canada) (Coast of Antarctic and part of Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and Pacific * -- Influential factors; land, weather pattern * Underwater pressure increase 1 atm with the increase of 10 m in water depth * -- Reverse effect of decrease water pressure * Ocean circulation Marine organisms and their habitat, Earth climate; thus all habitats on land Profound effect: Surface Circulation Circulation pattern is determined by the wind and Coriolis forces * Coliolis effects * Wind pattern: formation mechanism * * Wind pattern Trade wind (between 30?and equator), westerlies (between 30 and 60?), polar easterlies Transition zone or boundary between two major wind bends have very light and changeable wind patterns * Eckman Spiral and Eckman transport -- Eckman layer down to Few hundred meters * -- Major surface current is driven by the wind: move at an angle of 45? to the right (north hemisphere) -- Net transport to the right of the wind (North hemisphere) * Wind pattern and Coriolis force produce the gyre -- influence the distribution of temperature, thus marine organisms * Surface temperature is higher on the western side of the ocean than the eastern side -- coral reef is more abundant on the western side and kelp bed is more abundant on the east side * -- El Ni?o -- On the continental shelf, currents are strongly effected by the bottom, shape of the coastline and tide * wind and Current direction * 洋流 海平面 東岸 西岸 湧升流 * 聖嬰與反聖嬰現象 「El Ni?o」意為「男嬰」或「聖嬰」 相反的現象稱