课件：酶的基本概念和发展史.pptVIP

* Next I would like to point out the character of the biomass chemical industry by comparing it to the petroleum chemical industry. In the petrochemical industry, key compounds are very simple molecules such as ethene, propene and benzene. Using these key compounds, numerous chemical products are synthesized through sequential addition of functional groups. This process requires multiple steps and various solvents as well as catalysts, making the process environmentally incompatible. This sophisticated process requires excessive energy and needs to pursuit scale merit in order to achieve cost down. It is clear, that this type of one way material flow will cause the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere and total depletion of resources. On the other hand, for Biomass Chemical Industry, the starting materials are highly functional groups such as Gulcose. Products are produced mainly though the elimination or rearrangement of its functional groups. A new systemization of organic chemistry is essential. Therefore, the change in starting materials will greatly change the chemical processes. It is likely that multiple steps required for the case of petroleum will change into a simple process for biomass, once our chemical knowledge becomes sufficient. When biomass chemical products is incinerated finally into carbon dioxide and water, fundamentally the sustainability can be maintained since the they are originally carbon neutral. 　 * * 1949年,用液体深层培养法进行细菌淀粉酶的发酵生产,揭开了近代酶工业的序幕。 50年代以后,随着生化工程的发展,大多数酶制剂的生产已转向微生物流体深层发酵的方法。酶的应用越来越广泛。 50年代：开始了酶固定化研究。1953年德国科学家首先将聚氨基苯乙烯树脂与淀粉酶,胃蛋白酶,羧肽酶和核糖核酸酶等结合,制成了固定化酶。 60年代，是固定化酶技术迅速发展的时期。1969年,日本的千烟一郎首次在工业上应用固定化氨基酰化酶从DL-氨基酸生产L-氨基酸。出现了“酶工程”这个名词来代表有效利用酶的科学技术领域。 1971年第一届国际酶工程学术会议在美国召开,当时的主题即是固定化酶，进一步开展了对微生物细胞固定化的研究。 1973年,千烟一郎首次利用固定化的大肠杆菌细胞生产L-天冬氨酸。 1978年,日本的铃木等固定化细胞生产 α -淀粉酶研究成功.所以说,70年代是固定化细胞技术取得进展的时期. 80年代，固定化细胞已能用于生产胞外酶,因此,80年代又发展了固定化原生质体技术,排除了细胞壁这一障碍 在酶的固定化技术发展的同时,酶分子修饰技术也取得了进展。 60年代，用小分子化合物修饰酶分子侧链基团,使酶性质发生改变; 70年代,修饰剂的选用、修饰方法上又有了新的发展。 此外,对抗体