生物体中所有化学反应跟总跟文档资料.pptVIP

Chapter 5 Microbial metabolism I. Catabolic and anabolic reactions Metabolism : 生物體中所有化學反應之總和. Catabolism : degradation (放能) Anabolism : synthesis (吸能) 能量反應 : ATP II. Enzymes Enzymes : biocatalyst Activation energy Substrate, product. ex : sucrose glucose + fructose Turnover number(TON) II - 1. Naming enzymes 字尾 ~ ase. 分六大類 (Table 5.1) II - 2. Enzyme components Apoenzyme + cofactor = holoenzyme cofactor 可為金屬離子 or coenzyme… Coenzymes : 多由vitamins 衍生而來. ex : NAD+, NADP+, FMN, FAD, CoA… II - 3. The mechanism of enzymatic  action 受質接觸enzyme表面之active site. 形成enzyme-substrate complex. Substrate 因其分子之重新排列, 其分子之降解 or 與其他受質之結合而使受質之架構改變. Substrate product, 由 E-S complex被釋放出來. Enzyme 本身未改變, 其可加速化學反應. II - 4. Factors influencing enzymatic  activity Temerature : denaturation pH Substrate conc. Inhibitors Feedback inhibtion(end-product inhibition) II - 5. Ribozymes 如enzyme般具催化功能, 對RNA具專一性. 具較小之受質範圍. III. Energy production Catabolic reaction ATP III - 1. Oxidation-reduction reactions Oxidation : 失去 e-, reduction : 得到e-. Dehydrogenation III - 2. The generation of ATP 加入~p : phosphorylation Three types : 1. Substrate-level phosphorylation 2. Oxidative phosphorylation : ETC 3. Photophosphorylation : 只發生含葉綠體且行光合作用之cell. IV. Metabolic pathways of energy  productions V. Carbohydrate catabolism Respiration fermentation Glucose 之respiration含 three steps : Glycolysis Krebs cycle ETC V - 1. Glycolysis Two stages : Preparatory stage Energy-conserving stage V - 2. Alternatives to glycolsis The pentose phosphate pathway(PPP) 或稱hexose monophosphate shunt(HMS) 形成pentose ? nucleic acid; glucose; amino acid. 產生NADPH. 利用此pathway之微生物 : Bacillus subtilis, E.coli, Leuconostoc mesenteroides Enterococcus faecalis. The Enter-Doudoroff pathway G(-) : Rhizobium, Pseudomonas Agrobacterium. G(+) 則不行pathway. 實驗室鑑定Pseudomonas. V - 3. Cellular respiration defined Respiratory : 物質經氧化作用產生ATP之過程, 且其最終之電子接受者為無機物者. Aerobes, anaerobes V-3-1 Aerobic re