交通控制资料.pptVIP

交通控制 流量控制(flow) ---调节传输速率 ---端对端、节点对节点 拥挤（拥塞congestion）控制 ---保持网络分组数目不超过某一限度，一旦越过这一界限，性能显著下降。 防止死锁（deadlock） ---资源（缓冲区buffer）死锁 Computer Networks Chapter 12:Congestion in Data Networks What Is Congestion? Congestion occurs when the number of packets being transmitted through the network approaches the packet handling capacity of the network Congestion control aims to keep number of packets below level at which performance falls off dramatically Data network is a network of queues Generally 80% utilization is critical Finite queues mean data may be lost Queues at a Node Effects of Congestion Packets arriving are stored at input buffers Routing decision made Packet moves to output buffer Packets queued for output transmitted as fast as possible Statistical time division multiplexing If packets arrive too fast to be routed, or to be output, buffers will fill 1.Can discard packets 2.Can use flow control Can propagate congestion through network Interaction of Queues Ideal Performance Practical Performance Ideal assumes infinite buffers and no overhead Buffers are finite Overheads occur in exchanging congestion control messages Effects of Congestion -No Control 吞吐率下降原因 资源浪费 缓冲区存贮容量 buffer storage capacity 线路带宽 channel bandwidth 缓冲区存贮容量 即使线路有富余，分组也无法通过。 线路带宽 多路共享信道上常见 总线局域网和分组无线网络 信道负载很重时：竞争信道的时间多于有效传输数据的时间，从而造成信道容量的极大浪费。 Mechanisms for Congestion Control Backpressure：反压 If node becomes congested it can slow down or halt flow of packets from other nodes May mean that other nodes have to apply control on incoming packet rates Propagates back to source Can restrict to logical connections generating most traffic Used in connection oriented that allow hop by hop congestion control (e.g. X.25) Not used in ATM nor frame relay Only recently developed for IP Choke Packet：阻流分组 Control packet Generated at congested node Sent to source node e.g. ICMP source quench From router or destination Source cuts back until no more source quench message Sent for every discarded packet,