ch03-财货市场均衡-凯因斯.pptVIP

頭腦體操？;簡單凱因斯模型--理論基礎;3-1 The Composition of GDP;3-1 The Composition of GDP;3-1 The Composition of GDP;3-1 The Composition of GDP;3-2 The Demand for Goods;3-2 The Demand for Goods;3-2 The Demand for Goods;簡單凱因斯模型—民間消費與儲蓄;可支配所得、消費、儲蓄;3-2 The Demand for Goods;3-2 The Demand for Goods;3-2 The Demand for Goods;3-2 The Demand for Goods;簡單凱因斯模型—投資支出;3-3 The Determination of Equilibrium Output;Equilibrium in the goods market requires that production, Y, be equal to the demand for goods, Z:;3-3 The Determination of Equilibrium Output;3-3 The Determination of Equilibrium Output;The equilibrium equation can be manipulated to derive some important terms: Autonomous spending and the multiplier: The term is that part of the demand for goods that does not depend on output, it is called autonomous spending. If the government ran a balanced budget, then T=G. Because the propensity to consume (c1) is between zero and one, is a number greater than one. For this reason, this number is called the multiplier. ;均衡所得決定—封閉經濟;3-3 The Determination of Equilibrium Output;Using a Graph;Using a Graph;Using a Graph;Following this logic, the total increase in production after, say, n + 1 rounds, equals $1 billion multiplied by the sum: 1 + c1 + c12 + …+ c1n Such a sum is called a geometric series.;To summarize: An increase in demand leads to an increase in production and a corresponding increase in income. The end result is an increase in output that is larger than the initial shift in demand, by a factor equal to the multiplier. To estimate the value of the multiplier, and more generally, to estimate behavioral equations and their parameters, economists use econometrics—a set of statistical methods used in economics.;Describing formally the adjustment of output over time is what economists call the dynamics of adjustment. Suppose that firms make decisions about their production levels at the beginning of each quarter. Now suppose consumer