中山生化课件ch3-糖酵解和己糖的分解.pptVIP

Chapter 3 Glycolysis and catabolism of hexoses 糖酵解和己糖的分解代谢（糖代谢Ⅰ） 3.1 糖代谢概述 3.2 糖的消化、吸收和运输 3.3 糖酵解途径和已糖的分解代谢 3.4 戊糖磷酸途径 3.1 糖代谢概述 糖的生理功能 糖最主要的生理功能是提供能量。葡萄糖完全氧化为CO2和H2O，标准自由能为 －2840KJ/mol（相当于679kcal/mol）。 糖是机体重要的碳源，糖代谢的中间产物（作为前体，precursor）可转变成其他的含碳化合物，如氨基酸、脂肪酸、核苷等。 糖是组成生物体组织结构的重要成分之一。例如，蛋白聚糖和糖蛋白构成结缔组织、软骨和骨的基质；糖蛋白和糖脂是细胞膜的构成成分。 糖还有其他的一些特殊功能：体内有一些具有特殊生理功能的糖蛋白；糖的磷酸衍生物可以形成许多重要的生物活性物质，如NAD+、FAD、 ATP等。 3.2 糖的消化、吸收和运输 乳糖不耐受综合症 （Lactose intolerance syndrome） 有些成年人由于乳糖酶（Lactase deficiency）缺乏，在食用牛奶后乳糖不能在小肠内完全消化吸收，进入大肠后由细菌转化为有害物质，引起腹胀、腹泻等症状。 糖的吸收 糖的吸收是以单糖形式通过肠壁细胞吸收进入血液的过程，吸收的部位是小肠上段。 糖的运输 小肠内主要是Na+ －单糖协同运输。由小肠上皮细胞进入进入血液通过促进扩散。（见物质运输） The Development of Biochemistry and the Delineation of Glycolysis Went Hand by Hand 1897, Hans Buchner and Eduard Buchner (Germany), accidental observation : sucrose (as a preservative) was rapidly fermented into alcohol by cell-free yeast extract. The accepted view that fermentation is inextricably tied to living cells (i.e., the vitalistic dogma) was shaken and Biochemistry was born: Metabolism became chemistry! 1900s, Arthur Harden and William Young Pi is needed for yeast juice to ferment glucose, a hexose diphosphate (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) was isolated. 1900s, Arthur Harden and William Young (Great Britain) separated the yeast juice into two fractions: one heat-labile, nondialyzable zymase (enzymes) and the other heat-stable, dialyzable cozymase (metal ions, ATP, ADP, NAD+). 1910s-1930s, Gustav Embden and Otto Meyerhof (Germany), studied muscle and its extracts: Reconstructed all the transformation steps from glycogen to lactic acid in vitro; revealed that many reactions of lactic acid (muscle) and alcohol (yeast) fermentations were the same! Discovered that lactic acid is reconverted to carbohydrate in the presence of O2 (gluconeogenesis); observed that some phosphorylated compounds are energy-rich. (Glycolysis was also known as Embden-Meyerhof pathway , EMP). The whole pathway of glyco