语言与文化讲义PPT.ppt

Language and Culture Course Description ? This course deals with both language and culture by studying the relationship of language and culture. Lecture One General Introduction to Culture What is culture? Ⅰ What is culture? “We are alike and we are different.” However, it is hard for us to give a concrete definition to culture. The radiant range of culture is extremely extensive and all-inclusive. All the experience, education, language and so on created by humankind are regarded as culture, whatever it is comprehensive ones like world-outlook, space-time outlook, philosophy, value etc. Or it is concrete ones like basic necessities of life, marriage and funeral. All these social life style, behavior, language, hierarchy, norm and moral and so on all belong to culture. Ⅱ Definition of culture As early as 1952, Kroeber and Kluckhohn listed 164 definitions of culture that they found in the anthropology literature. And, of course, many new definitions have appeared since. Definitions of culture range from all-encompassing ones (“it is everything”) to narrower ones (“it is opera, art and ballet”). Here are some typical ones of them. Howard: culture is the customary manner in which human groups learn to organize their behavior and thought in relationship to their environment. Hoebel and frost: culture is an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance. Final definition: Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. Ⅲ Components of culture culture 3.1 Material culture Material culture refers to tangible items suc