东京大学公共政策大学院-CiteSeerX.PDFVIP

GraSPP-DP-E-07-001 Political Economy of Competition Policy in Japan: Case of Airline Services Takatoshi Ito April 2007 Professor, Graduate School of Public Policy The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan Phone:+81-3-5841-5608 Fax:+81-3-5841-5521 tito@e.u-tokyo.ac.jp GraSPP Discussion Papers can be downloaded without charge from: http://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ Discussion Papers are a series of manuscripts in their draft form. They are not intended for circulation or distribution except as indicated by the author. For that reason Discussion Papers may not be reproduced or distributed without the written consent of the author. 1. Introduction The Airline services industry in Japan has gone through gradual, but cumulatively large, changes in the last fifteen years. Before 1986, airline routes were controlled by regulation: international routes were served by Japan Airlines (JAL) only; domestic major routes were served by JAL and All Nippon Airlines (ANA); and domestic local routes were served by ANA and Japan Air System (JAS). Moreover, the individual routes and flight capacity was subject to approval. Airfares were also tightly regulated: airfares were approximately proportio