空气动力学Thermodynamics.pptVIP

AE 301 Aerodynamics I High Speed Flows At high speeds, the kinetic energy of a fluid flow becomes significant compared to the random kinetic energy of the particles themselves. As a result, changes in flow velocity can produce changes in the fluid internal energy and thus its temperature and density. To account for this energy conversion between random and flow KE, we use THERMODYNAMICS Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of the way energy is stored and exchanged. A fundamental principle is the First Law: The internal energy, E, of a closed system can be increased only by heat added across it’s boundaries, ?Q, or by work done on the system, ?W. Thermo. - First Law Internal energy, E The energy stored in the particles themselves, I.e. random KE, rotation, vibration, chemical bonding, etc. e is specific internal energy, E/m, and de represents a small change in e. Work done, dW, and Heat added, dQ The symbol d represents a small incremental process since both W and Q are methods of exchanging energy and not fluid properties themselves. the work done and heat added per unit mass of fluid are then dw and dq. Thermo. - Work Only one work process is of interest in aerodynamics: the work done by squeezing a fluid element against the resistance of pressure. Consider squeezing a sphere: thus And the first law becomes Thermo. - Enthalpy Before proceeding, we must introduce a new fluid property, Enthalpy, given by the symbol H Mathematically, Or, more commonly, the specific enthalpy is defined by: Enthalpy is the sum of the internal energy and the energy associated with having brought all the particles together into a given volume of space. Thermo. - Enthalpy (continued) Small changes in specific internal energy and specific enthalpy are related by: Therefore, the First Law can be rewritten in terms of specific enthalpy: Note: Enthalpy is much more useful in aerodynamics than internal energy is. Get comfortable with it!!! Thermo. - Specific Heats The fact