波特五力分析.docVIP

波特五力分析 PEST SWOT 表一　波特五力分析與對應元素 波特五力 對應元素 客戶議價能力（the bargaining power of customers） buyer concentration to firm concentration ratio bargaining leverage buyer volume buyer switching costs relative to firm switching costs buyer information availability ability to backward integrate availability of existing substitute products buyer price sensitivity price of total purchase 供應商議價能力（the bargaining power of suppliers） supplier switching costs relative to firm switching costs degree of differentiation of inputs presence of substitute inputs supplier concentration to firm concentration ratio threat of forward integration by suppliers relative to the threat of backward integration by firms cost of inputs relative to selling price of the product importance of volume to supplier 新近入者的競爭（the threat of new entrants） the existence of barriers to entry economies of scale proprietary product differences brand equity switching costs capital requirements access to distribution absolute cost advantages learning curve advantages expected retaliation government policies 替代品的威脅（the threat of substitute products） buyer propensity to substitute relative price performance of substitutes buyer switching costs perceived level of product differentiation 現有廠商的競爭（The intensity of competitive rivalry） power of buyers power of suppliers threat of new entrants threat of substitute products industrial growth industry overcapacity exit barriers diversity of competitors informational complexity and asymmetry brand equity fixed cost allocation per value added Source: wikipedia.org 表一 PEST 分析 政治（ Political ） 經濟（ Economic ） ?? Tax policy ?? Employment laws ?? Environmental regulations ?? Trade restrictions and tariffs ?? Political stability ?? Economic growth ?? Interest rates ?? Exchange rates ?? Inflation rate. 社會（ Social ） 科技（ Technological ） ?? Health consciousness ?? Population growth rate ?? Age distribution ?? Career attitudes ??