北京大学心理学系普通心理学课件第6章 MEMORY.ppt

Chapter 6 MEMORY 《普通心理学》专业课 永远的战士 49岁的健康、英俊的中年人 谈吐用现在时而非过去时 认为自己19岁，处于1945年 顺向性遗忘症（anterograde amnesia） 对大脑受损之后的事件失去记忆 倒退性遗忘症（retrograde amnesia） Memory 记忆是人脑对过去经验的保持和提取 Outlines Memory and its Biological Basis Memory and Information Processing Memory as a Constructive and Reconstructive Process Retrieval and Forgetting How to Improving Memory? Challenges to the Information-Processing Model 1 The Nature of Memory 1.1 Biological Basis 定位说 非定位说(脑均势说） 突触生长说 记忆分子说（DNA/RNA） 记忆的电生理基础（反响回路） 脑内代谢物与记忆 1.2 Memory and Information Processing Sensory registers 不到1秒 Short-term memory(STM)/Working memory 20－30秒 Long-term memory(LTM) 可毕生不忘 记忆的信息加工模型 Working Memory STM,is also called working memory, it functions like a mental sketch pad on which people make mental notes, solve problems, and hold relevant information in consciousness for a brief period. Working memory can also exist in LTM. 1.3 Three changes of memory models Modules, a set of memory systems. Remembering without involving retrieval into consciousness. Not all information follows the path of the model, further, the model is not unidirectional. 2 Sensory Registration 2.1 The Evidence George Sperlling(1960) Tachistoscope: flashing for 15-500ms. Whole report/Partial report Less than 4 of the 12 letters(33%)==roughly 3 out of the 4 items(75%) Partial report design: focusing attention on one part of the image while it was still in iconic storage . Partial Report 2.2 Representation Mental representation 心理表征 a mental model of a stimulus or category of stimuli. Sensory Representation Verbal Representations 表象 Sensory Representation Iconic storage For a brief period after an image disappears from vision, people retain a mental image of what they have seen (Foley Mulhern,1991; Neisser, 1967, 1976) The duration of icons varies from approximately half a second to two seconds, depending on the individual, the content of the image, and the circumstances. Presenting another image or even a flash of light directly after the fir