美国文学术语.doc

第一部分 1. American Puritanism(美国清教主义)：Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteen century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New Worlda migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England. Puritanism, however, was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the worlda style of response to lived experiencethat has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619: ⑴ unconditional election (the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); ⑵ limited atonement (the idea that Christ died for the elect only); ⑶ total depravity (humanity’s utter corruption since the Fall);⑷ irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and ⑸ the perseverance of the saints(the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart, cannot fall away from grace). 2．Colonial America (殖民时期的美国)：After the first voyage of Columbus in 1492, the early 1600s witnessed the beginning of a great bide of emigration from Europe to North America. Spanning more than three centuries, this movement grew from a trickle of a few hundred English colonists to a floodtide of newcomers numbered in the millions. Impelled by powerful and diverse motivations, they built a new civilization on a once savage continent. In November 9, 1620, the Mayflower ship lands at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, with 101 colonists. This marked the establishment of the first American colony and began the strenuous settlement in the world wholly new to them. During their settlement, the Native Americans who met