美国自然资源公共信托原则分析-法学、经济法专业毕业论文.docxVIP

II II 中文摘要 美国自然资源公共信托原则研究 定环境责任。根据公共信托原则，州不可以破坏或放弃其在公共资源上的控制权， 除非在特定罕见的情况下。尽管州在实施公共信托赋予的信托义务时享有广泛的 自由裁量权，但州不能自由转让或消灭信托。公共信托原则认为，自然资源构成 了公共信托资产的本值，政府在这些自然资源管理上承担受托人的角色和作用。 公共信托资源受信托保护，反对不公平的交易和浪费，这些信托的经典语义暗示 着程序正确和实质保护的必要性。公共信托理论要求程序公正，决策合理，结果 符合资源的保护和维持。 公共信托原则作为环境保护的一项有效工具，必须满足三项标准：它必须包 含在一般公众中的法律权利的概念；针对政府行为时它必须具有可执行性；它必 须与环境质量的当代关注相契合。自 1970 年以来，公共信托原则对美国保护自然 资源的诉讼产生非常重大的影响。各方皆以现代公共信托原则来支撑其诉讼主张， 法院也相应地采信了公共信托原则。在美国，根据诉讼中原被告的身份进行划分， 涉及公共信托的诉讼主要为三种类型：其一为私主体起诉政府违反公共信托的诉 讼；其二为私主体起诉其它私主体违反公共信托的诉讼；其三为政府起诉私主体 违反公共信托的诉讼。即便如此，“公共信托原则”这一措辞并没有包含一旦念 咒语就产生特殊义务的任何魔力。我们只有认真研读美国有关公共信托的先例及 经典文献，从中发现思想的种子，并结合我国当前的自然资源环境保护的现状， 才可以有效地推进我国自然资源和环境保护理论及实践的发展。 关键词：美国公共信托原则；自然资源；环境危机；普通法所有权；衡平法 所有权 作 者：王灵波 指导老师：王克稳 教授 III III 美国自然资源公共信托原则研究 英文摘要 Research on the Public Trust Doctrine of Natural Resources in United States Abstract Long ago there developed in the law of the Roman Empire a legal theory known as the doctrine of the public trust. It was founded upon the very sensible idea that certain common properties, such as rivers, the seashore, and the air were held by the government in trusteeship for the free and unimpeded use of the general public. Our contemporary concerns about the environment bear a very close conceptual relationship to this venerable legal doctrine.In response to the natural resources and environmental crisis of the latter half of the twentieth century, the United States broadly applies to the public trust doctrine. The public trust doctrine is part of the common law and dates back to the Roman Empire. It really arose in nineteenth century from a variety of sources. The fundamental one is the old/new “Stoic” and natural law sentiment that public resources should be common to all. Added to that sentiment was the distinction then emerging in England between the public and private roles of the sovereign. The public trust doctrine is being codified in many state constitutions. In some cases, even absent a constitutional provision, state courts have read the public trus