Nanocrystalline- Dye- Sensitized- Solar- Cell课件.pptVIP

Motivation Economically feasible harnessing of solar energy Reduce fossil fuel usage and subsequent pollution Provide usable energy to inaccessible and economically challenged communities Modeling of biological photochemical systems Improvement of current photographic methods * OU NanoLab/NSF NUE/Bumm Johnson History 1839: French physicist Antoine-Cesar Becquerel observed that shining light on an electrode submerged in electrolyte would create an electric current. 1941: American Russell Ohl invented a PN junction silicon solar cell The dye sensitized solar cell was developed in 1992 by Graetzel (EPFL, Laussane, Switzerland) and utilizes nanocrystalline TiO2 as the photoabsorber * OU NanoLab/NSF NUE/Bumm Johnson Solar Panel Cost Initially solar panels were expensive ($2000 per watt in 1950s). Thus their use was limited to very special applications such as powering space satellites. Today solar panels are less than $4 per watt. * OU NanoLab/NSF NUE/Bumm Johnson What’s on the Horizon? First Generation: Single and polycrystalline wafer cells Second Generation: Thin film cells Third Generation: Thin film cell efficiency is increased by using multiple layers in tandem and matching the band gaps of each layer to a different region of the solar spectrum. * OU NanoLab/NSF NUE/Bumm Johnson Evolution of the Efficiencyof the Steam Engine * OU NanoLab/NSF NUE/Bumm Johnson Schematic of the Graetzel Cell * OU NanoLab/NSF NUE/Bumm Johnson Useful Physics The adsorbed dye molecule absorbs a photon forming an excited state. [dye*] The excited state of the dye can be thought of as an electron-hole pair (exciton). The excited dye transfers an electron to the semiconducting TiO2 (electron injection). This separates the electron-hole pair leaving the hole on the dye. [dye*+] The hole is filled by an electron from an iodide ion. [2dye*+ + 3I-? 2dye + I3-] * OU NanoLab/NSF NUE/Bumm Johnson Useful Physics Electrons are collected from the TiO2 at the cathode. Anode is covered