爱默生的超验主义 emson27s transcendentalism.pptVIP

What is Transcendentalism? “What is popularly called Transcendentalism among us is idealism”. ----- Emerson Transcendentalism is the view that the basic truths of the universe lie beyond the knowledge one obtains from his senses; Basic truths can be reached only through instinct and intuition and are a matter of private experience; To arrive at the truth, man must go beyond or transcend what his eyes and ears tell him or what he can learn from books. He must listen to his inner soul. He must trust in the divinity that is in all men. American Transcendentalism  The American Transcendentalism is characterized by: emphasis on intuition, the spirit or the Oversoul; the stress on the importance of individualism; praise of nature as a symbol of the Spirit or God; belief in self-trust and self-reliance; dignity of manual labor. Ideas Individualism not the crowd is the most important all, but the infinitude of man “Trust thyself” “Make thyself” Ideas Nature is emblematic of God “nature is the vehicle of thought” “nature is the symbol of spirit” Weakness never systematic philosophy denial the reality of evil denial of its real spiritual origin Influence Thoreau, Whitman, Dickinson--indebted Hawthorne and Melville --against his optimism, benefited from his ideas His call for an independent culture played a very important part in the intellectual history of the nation. * * 超验主义transcendentalism 超验主义的核心观点是主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，认为人类世界的一切都是宇宙的一个缩影- --“世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水”。 超验就是指超越人的现实世界（包括宗教现实）走入人的心灵世界，它预示着灵魂的存在，生活的意义就在于这种精神的超越和提升。 超验主义的主要思想观点有三： 首先，超验主义者强调精神，或超灵，认为这是宇宙至为重要的存在因素。超灵是一种无所不容、无所不在、扬善抑恶的力量，是万物之本、万物之所属，它存在于人和自然界内。 其二，超验主义者强调个人的重要性。他们认为个人是社会的最重要的组成部分，社会的革新只能通过个人的修养和完善才能实现。因此人的首要责任就是自我完善，而不是刻意追求金玉富贵。理想的人是依靠自己的人。 其三，超验主义者以全新的目光看待自然，认为自然界是超灵或上帝的象征。 在他们看来，自然界不只是物质而已。它有生命，上帝的精神充溢其中，它是超灵的外衣。超验主义主张回归自然,这种观点的自然内涵是，自然界万物具象征意义，外部世界是精神世界的体现。 爱默生有句名言——“相信你自己”，这句话成为超验主义者的座右铭。这种超验主义观点强调人的主观能动性，有助于打破教条的束缚，为热情奔放，