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Chapter 7 Digital Camera Example Outline Introduction to a simple digital camera Designer’s perspective Requirements specification Design Four implementations Introduction Putting it all together General-purpose processor Single-purpose processor Custom Standard Memory Interfacing Knowledge applied to designing a simple digital camera General-purpose vs. single-purpose processors Partitioning of functionality among different processor types Introduction to a simple digital camera Captures images Stores images in digital format No film Multiple images stored in camera Number depends on amount of memory and bits used per image Downloads images to PC Only recently possible Systems-on-a-chip Multiple processors and memories on one IC High-capacity flash memory Very simple description used for example Many more features with real digital camera Variable size images, image deletion, digital stretching, zooming in and out, etc. Designer’s perspective Two key tasks Processing images and storing in memory When shutter pressed: Image captured Converted to digital form by charge-coupled device (CCD) Compressed and archived in internal memory Uploading images to PC Digital camera attached to PC Special software commands camera to transmit archived images serially Charge-coupled device (CCD) Special sensor that captures an image Light-sensitive silicon solid-state device composed of many cells Zero-bias error Manufacturing errors cause cells to measure slightly above or below actual light intensity Error typically same across columns, but different across rows Some of left most columns blocked by black paint to detect zero-bias error Reading of other than 0 in blocked cells is zero-bias error Each row is corrected by subtracting the average error found in blocked cells for that row Compression Store more images Transmit image to PC in less time JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) Popular standard format for representing digital images in a compressed form Provides for a num