流离失所--民国时期两湖地区灾荒流民问题研究-历史学·专门史专业论文.docxVIP

摘 摘 要 民国时期，湖南、湖北地区灾荒连年，在灾荒的肆虐下，加上土地兼并、繁重的 苛捐杂税、地租及高利贷的影响，流民随之产生。他们四处奔波：盲目地涌入城市， 或流落异乡，大胆者跨越国界，流落他国等等。为了生存，流民不改面朝黄土背朝天、 东走西赶去乞讨、街头巷尾寻出路、落草为寇、当兵吃粮等。流民的产生，给社会带 来了诸多影响，引发了土著民与流民之间的冲突、破坏了当地的治安、加剧城市职业 ‘结构失衡、促使劳动力就业市场竞争加剧、城市无业游民和犯罪现象增多等等。当然， 流民也产生了一定客观作用：促发了流出地农村与流民自身的变化发展，推动了城镇 近代化，对流民所到达的他国的发展也起到了一定的作用。但总的来说，流民是社会 不安定因素，为此，政府采取一系列预防与制止流民的政策与措施，如治本的重农、 仓储以及兴修水利，治标的赈恤、蠲缓、工赈、农赈、平粜等。但解决流民的问题并 非一朝一夕的事，需要政治、经济等各方面的变革。 关键词： 湖南；湖北；民国；灾荒；流民 ABS ABS TRACT From the year of 1912 to 1949，famines took place in successive years and countless people were reduced to refugees due to famines as well as usury， land annexation， ground rents， exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous levies． They did not toi l over their farm work but drifted aimlessly from one place to another，gushing blindly into the cities，struggling to live in other villages，becoming bandits or soldiers，immigrating into and wandering in other countries．On one hand，refugees brought on such effects as disrupting public order，conflicts between natives and refugees，intense unbalance of vocational system，harsh labor competition，increase of refugees and crime； on the other hand，refugees brought about some active influence，such as boost of city modernization，acceleration of the development of refugees themselves， their native villages，and the other countries into which they immigrated． Refugees were，however，the general factors of social instability． Departments at al l levels of Hunan and Hubei Provinces，consequently，took a series of radical measures and policies，such as physiocracy，warehousing and storage，bui lding irrigation works：besides，some temporary measures were also adopted，for example，relief in kind，imposition of a tax or levy， provision of work as a form of relief，agricultural loan，lower grain prices， and SO on·However，solving the refugee problems was not the work of a single day but required the political and economic reform along with other innovat ion． Key Words：Hunan；Hubei：Republ ic：famine；refugees 2 *士日lJ *士 日lJ 舌 据