The C++ Programming Language培训课件.pptVIP

Say Goodbye To Our Old Friends iostream.h, stdlib.h, … We prefer the standard C++ library iostream, cstdlib,… scanf(), printf(), fprintf(), … We prefer the streaming operators cin , cout , File , … malloc(), realloc(), free(), … We prefer the C++ operators new delete, to ensure the calling of constructors and destructors Namespace Wrap the library to avoid name collision in global scope, a better way than prefixes int abc_NumOfInstances = 0; namespace abc int abc_Create(int InstNo); {int NumOfInstances = 0; int Create(int InstNo);} std is the namespace wrapping all standard C++ libraries Namespace(cont.) 3 ways to use namespace Use prefix style to specify every time void f1() { abc::Create(NumOfInstances); abc::NumOfInstances++} Import one symbol to current scope void f2() { using abc::NumOfInstances; Create(NumOfInstances); //Error! Only NumOfInstances is visible, Create not imported NumOfInstances++; //OK } Import all symbols in a namespace to current scope – using directive void f3() { using namespace abc; Create(NumOfInstances); //OK NumOfInstances++; //OK } Namespace(cont.) But we suggest the using directive form to expose all names in standard libraries using namespace std; Vectors Lots of legacy codes use array We recommend using the class template vector Features: A sequential container Can use index to access – [] Be self-aware of size Self-manage memory and increase on demand Frequent used member functions operators: push_back(), pop_back(), size(), clear(), [] string class The string class library #include string string s; Important ops and member functions: =, +=, [] assign(), append(), at() empty(), size(), find(), swap() c_str(); Streaming File The streaming file class library #include fstream ifstream InFile(“in.txt”); -- Input file ofstream OutFile(“out.txt”); -- Output file ofstream OutFile(“out.txt”, ios_base::app); -- Output file (append mode) fstream IOFile(“io.txt”); -- In-Out-put file Usage InFile , OutFile