论海洋石油污染损害赔偿责任归责原则-法学专业论文.docxVIP

I I 摘 要 自二战以来，石油已成为世界上的主要能量来源。海洋石油运输从那时起开 始增长，海洋石油污染问题也伴随海洋石油运输的频繁而增多，给环境和人类社 会带来巨大损害。中国是世界第三大石油消费国，面临着海洋石油污染的巨大潜 在风险。因此，中国亟需努力推进在海洋石油污染赔偿责任方面的法律进程。 责任的基础或性质是什么，即应基于严格还是过错责任，这对整个责任和赔 偿体系来说是至关重要的。在国际层面上，石油污染损害赔偿机制首先通过《1969 年石油污染损害民事责任国际公约》和《关于建立石油污染损害赔偿国际基金的 国际公约》建立，排他性地对船东施加了严格责任。 中国目前涉及海洋石油污染问题的规定散见于《海洋环境保护法》、《海商 法》、《民法通则》和一些条例中，但并没有一部专门针对海洋石油污染问题的法 律，也没有关于如何适用相关国际公约的清晰规定，因此在实践中会产生困惑和 混乱。 本文阐述了《1969 年民事责任公约》制定时在归责原则问题上的讨论及之 后的立法演变，以及美国法上的相关规定，并论证了严格责任原则的合理性。之 后，考察了中国当前的立法现状，并对如何完善中国在海洋石油污染赔偿责任归 责原则的立法及其配套制度上，提出了初步建议。 关键词：石油污染，赔偿责任，归责原则 II II Abstract Since the Second World War, oil has become the main source of energy in the world. Oil movements by sea increased since then, and the problem of marine oil pollution increased with the growth of carriage of oil by sea, which results in negative environmental and social consequences. Hence, China needs to promote the legislation process of marine oil pollution damage compensation liability system. The question on what should be the basis or the nature of liability (should it be based on strict or fault liability) are crucial for the whole liability and compensation system. At international level, the compensation regime for oil pollution damage was first established via the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 and the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, whereby the rule of strict liability was exclusively imposed on the registered shipowner. The regulations on marine oil pollution in China currently lie in separate laws like the Marine Environmental Protection Law, the China Maritime Code and the General Principles of the Civil Law. However, there is neither particular legislation specialized in dealing with the marine oil pollution issue, nor clear rules of applying relevant international conventions, which arouses confusions in practice. This paper states the discussion on the issue of rule of liability w