过渡金属的特性85.pptVIP

“Transition” metals;过渡金属的特性;Trends in Physical Properties;The lobes of two d-orbitals on the same atom occupy markedly different regions of the space. Relatively far apart, repel one another weakly. 分占不同的区域， 相对远离，互斥小。 2) Electron density in d-orbitals is low near nucleus. Not very effective at shielding other electrons from the nuclear charge. 接近核处电子密度低， 屏蔽弱;Nuclear charge and the number of d-electrons both increase from left to right across each row. Because the repulsion between d-electrons is weak, the increasing nuclear charge can draw them inward, so the atom becomes smaller. Further across the block, the radii begin to increase slightly. There are so many d-electrons that the e-e repulsion increase more than the effective nuclear charge.;Because the atomic radii of the d-block elements are so similar the atoms of one element can replace the atoms of another element with minor modification of the atomic locations. Consequently, a wide range of alloys can form.;Atomic radii of the d-block elements (pm). Notice the similarity of all the values and, in particular, the close similarity between the second and third rows as a result of the lanthanide contraction. (From 224pm for Ba to 172pm for Lu) (higher nuclear charge and the poor shielding effect of the f-electrons);The densities (g/cm3) of d-metals at 25°C. The lanthanide contraction has a pronounced effect on the densities of the elements in Period 6, which are among the densest of all the elements.;Ferromagnetic materials include Fe, Co, Ni, Gd, CrO2, magnetite. They contain regions of atom in which electrons of many atoms spin in the same direction and give rise to a strong magnetic field. Before magnetization, the spins are almost randomly aligned. After magnetization the spins are aligned in the same direction. ;Trends in Chemical Properties;四;These three artifacts represent the progress that has been made in the extraction of d-metals.(a) An ancient bronze (青铜，Cu/Sn) chariot axle cap from China, mad