自然资源本科生讲稿3.pptVIP

石油影子价格在时间序列上以贴现率的比率增长，而资本影子价格随着时间的推移持续下降。石油存量从初始存量逐渐下降到零；石油的影子价格随着时间推移不断上升，因而其开采率逐步下降为0。最优解要求开采率在t期末恰好下降为零，存量完全耗尽。 出生在美国明尼苏达的福达 (Fulda)，他原本在华盛顿大学主修新闻学，但后来转向数学作拓扑领域之相关研究，并于 1924年获得博士学位。荷蒂林起初服务于史丹佛 (Stanford)大学，他对统计理论最重要的贡献是多变量分析及或然率，最重要的论文则是 「The generalization of Student‘s ratio」，即目前著称的荷蒂林T方 (Hotelling’s T2 )。 他在「主成分分析」 (principal components analysis)和「正准相关」 (canonical correlations)的发展上也扮演重要的角色。 1972年他被选为美国国家科学研究院 (National Academy of Science)的院士， 1973年被选为罗马 Academia Nazionale dei Lincei。 1973年 12月 26日，卒于北卡罗来纳的教堂山 (Chapel Hill) 15 Harold Hotelling 1895-1973. Harold Hotellings articles on econoimcs were few, but his contributions were profound enough to make him one of the leaders of the Paretian School, the resurrectors the Marginalist Revolution in the 1930s. Hotellings 1929 paper on the stability of competition introduced the notion of spatial competition in a duopoly situation. The solution to this problem was in fact an early statement of a very well-known game-theoretic solution concept: the sub game-perfect equilibrium (as later defined by Selten.). ? His 1929 paper on depreciation provided its modern definition as the decline in discounted future values.?? In 1931, he advanced another technique into economics, the calculus of variations, into a now famous analysis of resource exhaustion. ?? His 1932 piece reworked the theory of production into a choice-theoretic framework based on profit-maximization, setting the foundations of the modern Neoclassical approach.? His 1935 derivation of demand was actually simultaneous with that of Hicks and Allen. ? His famous 1938 presidential address to the Econometric Society introduced the marginal cost pricing equilibrium as a general welfare proposition: roughly, that economic efficiency is achieved if every good is produced and priced at marginal cost.? This would be the foundation of the Fundamental Welfare Theorems of Paretian general equilibrium theory.? It was also here that he introduced his fam