论文-Abstract--conclusion--开题报告.pptVIP

?Abstract ?conclusion ?开题报告; How to Write Abstract？; An Abstract should be viewed as a miniature version of the paper. The Abstract should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion. As Houghton (1975) puts it, “An abstract can be defined as a summary of the information in a document.” 美国《化学文摘》、《生物文摘》和英联邦农业局的文 摘系统对文摘的定义是“对原文献内容准确、扼要的表达。 不加补充解释和评论”。 ;The Abstract should ;When writing the Abstract, examine every word carefully. If you can tell your story in 100 words, do not use 200. Most of the Abstract should be written in the past tense, because it refers to work done. The Abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract (except in rare instances, such as modification of a previously published method). Likewise, the Abstract should not include or refer to tables and figures. ;informative abstract 信息性/报道性/资料性摘要- the primary research objective or purpose- method employed in solving the problems- principal findings or results- major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper descriptive abstract 指示性/说明性/描述性摘要outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form. ;Structure of abstract |  Structure of an informative abstract;Useful EXPRESSIONS;Useful EXPRESSIONS;Useful EXPRESSIONS;Useful EXPRESSIONS; SAMPLE Abstracts ;Useful EXPRESSIONS;Useful EXPRESSIONS;How to Write the Conclusion？;The Conclusion;Definition;Purposes of a Conclusion;A conclusion should; Checklist for Conclusion;A conclusion is more than a summary. We need to;Strategies for writing an effective conclusion;Strategies to avoid;Some popular ways of concluding a paper:;;Useful Transitions;;Exampl