生物的定义及其取代型式.PPT

幾種詮釋生命的方式：變動與恆定的生物性 * Classical medicine taught that the human body was governed by four fluids or humors, each tied to one of the prime elements.? The four elements were earth, air, fire, and water; the four humors were black bile, blood, yellow bile, and phlegm.? Illness was presumed to be the result of an imbalance in the humors. Thus, since illness is the result of imbalance, the key treatments often involved trying to rid the body of the excess of certain humors (由亞理士多德到蓋倫醫學). /english/allen/humors.htm 1. The Humorima (素樸的機械論想法) * * 陳恒安: 從生物科學發展史看生物學與生物技術。南華通識教育研究 2004, 1 : 81- 94 Jacques de Vaucanson 1709-1782 Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 最早的希臘機械論者是Empedokles 和Demokritos。他們所提出的原理是物質的元素本身是自動自發的，它自己可以發展成宇宙。也就是說，它用不著有理性的、精神性的東西。 2. 由生機論 (vitalism) 到機械論 (mechanism) 3. 生機論之死 1668 Francesco Redis Experiments on the generation of insects, nothing arise spontaneously. (The first experiment with proper control) Lazzaro Spallazani, 1729-1799, showed that a broth could be sterilized by heat. In 1862, Louis Pasteur sterilized broths in special swan-necked flasks. Francesco Redi 生命與無生命，各自獨立，不互相往來 * Louis Pasteur In 1828, W?hler converted ammonium cyanate to urea (an inorganic to organic conversion without living cells) simply by heating. There was nothing superchemical or supernatural about living things, they obeyed the laws of chemistry. (How similar it is to Schr?dinger!!) Friedrich W?hler (1800 - 1882) /etext/smith). 4. 生命與無生命互通 * In 1953, Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey, working at the University of Chicago, conducted an experiment which would change the approach of scientific investigation into the origin of life. 這種問題有多重要？ The creation /%7Ejds/cruise_chem/Exobiology/miller.html * 5. 合成生物 1828年, Friedrich Wohler 由無機物合成尿素 1845年, Herman Kolbe 由元素合成醋酸 1981年, David Baltimore 由RNA 轉錄合成具有感染性的病毒 2002年, 合成 polio virus (without nature template, 7741bp) 2003年, 14天之內合成 ?174, 5386bp. * 《秋水》 ：「物之生也，若驟若馳，無動而不變，無時而不移，何為乎何不為乎，夫固將自化。 」 《知北遊》：「有先天地生者物邪? 物物者非物。物出不得先物