抗病基因在野生马铃薯种中的多态性和进化-作物遗传育种专业论文.docxVIP

Chapter Chapter 1 Generalintroduction Potato The potato(Solanum tuberosum L．ssp．tuberosum)originates flom the Andes in South America．Taken b，r the Spanish to EⅢope in the 16th∞ntI卫％potato spreads fxom Europe agro够the globe(Hawkes 1990)．The polato is the worlds fourth food crop-afl甜maize，wheat and rice，with a total production of more than 323 million tons in 2005，contributing greatly to the world’s food supply，especially to that of developing countries like China．For the top ten producing countries(Table 1)，which account for two-thirds of the global potato output,the total value of the crop was estimated at some$40 bdlion(http：／／www．fao．orglaglma2azinel061 1s01．him)．The potato is used for human consumption(cooked,baked,processed into French fries or crisps(chips))or for industrial purposes(dried products and march production)． Bradshaw et a1．C006)summarize that other new us铝can be anticipated for the future such as designer starches(Davies 1998)and biopharmacoaicals(somewald et a1．2003)． Table 1 Top ten potato producing countries，2005(Data smll-Ce；FAO／ESS) (http：／／www,fao．or型es／ess／top／commoditv．html) h 9营奄嚣 瓣僦缫一勰嬲嬲船淼 Potato systematics The tuber-bearing species of the genus Solanum provide the potato crop with a secondly gene pool where a broad spectrum of pathogen resistance(including fesistance to late blight,nematodes，bacteria and viruses)has accumulated throughout evolution(Ross 1986；Hawkes 1990)．Systematic relationships are important criteria to to select material for breeding Although many wild potato species display a wide range of morphological characteristics，many other species have a general appearance similar to the cultivated potato(Spooner et a1．1992)．Systematics within the tuber-bearing Solanum is all area that gave rise to several disputes regarding species boundaries．A factor,strongly contributing to the widely conflicting taxonomic treatments ofwild potatoes，is that many potato species call hybridize with each other and produce fertile F1 hybr