工业用水预处理与水处理工艺.ppt

第二章 工业用水预处理与水处理工艺 给水处理的目的 给水处理的主要水源有地表水和地下水两大类。 常规的地表水处理以去除水中的浑浊物质和细菌、病毒为主，水处理系统主要由澄清和消毒工艺组成。 工业用水的水质要求 锅炉用水 加热产生蒸汽，以传热或作为动力。 水质要求高，限制硬度，溶解氧、消毒余氯和铁等杂质含量尽可能除去。 冷却用水 水温低、浊度低、不易结垢、不易腐蚀设备、微生物不易繁殖 工艺用水和洗涤用水 Industrial water treatment objectives Industrial water treatment seeks to manage four main problem areas: Scaling 结垢 Corrosion 腐蚀 microbiological activity 微生物腐蚀 结垢 -- scaling Scaling occurs when the chemistry and temperature conditions are such that the dissolved mineral salts in the water are caused to precipitate and form solid deposits. These can be mobile, like a fine silt, or can build up in layers on the metal surfaces of the systems. Scale is a problem because it insulates and heat exchange becomes less efficient as the scale thickens, which wastes energy. Scale also narrows pipe widths and therefore increases the energy used in pumping the water through the pipes. 腐蚀 -- corrosion Corrosion occurs when the parent metal oxidises (as iron rusts, for example) and gradually the integrity of the plant equipment is compromised. The corrosion products can cause similar problems to scale, but corrosion can also lead to leaks, which in a pressurised system can lead to catastrophic（灾难性的） failures. 微生物腐蚀 -- microbiological activity Microbes can thrive in untreated cooling water, which is warm and sometimes full of organic nutrients, as wet cooling towers are very efficient air scrubbers. Dust, flies, grass, fungal spores and so on collect in the water and create a sort of “microbial soup” if not treated with biocides（抗微生物剂）. 工业给水预处理 混凝： 机理、混凝剂、影响因素 沉淀与澄清 设备：斜板沉淀池、澄清池等 过滤 设备：压力过滤、重力无阀过滤 除铁 方法：曝气除铁、锰沙过滤除铁 软化 方法：石灰软化法、石灰-纯碱软化法、石灰-石膏软化法 除氯 方法：活性炭脱氯法、化学药剂脱氯法 水处理工艺流程的概念 单一的水处理方法和单元难以满足实际应用要求，将多种处理单元相结合，所组成的工艺过程称为水处理工艺流程。 选择水处理流程的基本出发点是： (1) 以较低的成本、安全稳定的运行过程； (2) 获得满足水质要求的水； (3) 水处理设施所在的地区气候、地形地质、技术经济条件的差异，也会影响到水处理工艺流程的选择。 GE锅炉水处理案例 GE’s solution To install a PRO-150 Reverse Osmosis (RO) system, which allows control of the alkalinity concentrations（碱度） and inc