蒸汽基本理论.ppt

Your Partner for Isolation – Safety – Controlling – Steam Trapping * * * * * Introduction Steam has been used as a working fluid or transmitter of energy since the early days of the industrial revolution. Today its use is still common throughout industry not only for mechanical power production (i.e. driving steam turbines to produce electrical power) but also for many space heating and process applications. It is interesting to note that in the UK. alone, the estimated value of steam for process work amount to some ￡5000 m per annum. The advantages of using steam as the working fluid are partly that it can be easily distributed and controlled and also that it can serve as the same working fluid for combined power generation and/or heating and/or process work. In addition, water and steam possess the following unusual merits: Water is by far the most common liquid on the Earth and is therefore plentiful and cheap. It is also chemically stable and non-hazardous to health. Water is evaporated into steam at temperatures well below the metallurgical limit of boiler steels. Water and steam both act as good heat sponges and the evaporation of water into steam also involves a high heat absorption. Hence plant sizes and costs are not impracticably large. It supplies heat to any process by condensing at a constant temperature and with high heat transfer coefficients. This constant condensing temperature eliminates any temperature gradient over the heat transfer surfaces. The use of steam provides an ideal way to deliver just the right amount of heat energy to the point of usage and to do it efficiently without the need for circulating pumps. Its use in almost every process industry and in space heating systems has been apparent for well over 100 years principally because of its high heat capacity; the simplicity of conveying this heat energy along the distribution pipework; and its simple controllability. * e. Steam has substantial advantage at the point of usage. Heat t