吉布斯自由能是自由能的一种.ppt

It is possible for different types of compounds to have equal empirical formulas. For example, 葡萄糖Glucose (C6H12O6), 核糖ribose (C5H10O5), 醋酸acetic acid (C2H4O2), and 甲醛formaldehyde (CH2O) all have different molecular formulas but the same empirical formula: CH2O.  A sample is found to contain 58.80% Ba, 13.75% S, and 27.45% O. What is the empirical formula of this substance? A. Chemical Formulas Assume a 100-gram sample. Convert grams to moles: 58.80 g of Ba ÷ 137.34 g/mole= 0.43 mol of Ba 13.75 g of S ÷ 32 g/mol = 0.43 moles of S 27.45 g of O ÷ 16 g/mol = 1.72 moles of O 3. As of now the compound looks like Ba 0.43 S 0.43 O1.72. BaSO4 B. Stoichiometry Steps 1. Write a balanced equation. 2. Identify known unknown. 3. Line up conversion factors. Mole ratio - moles ? moles Molar mass - moles ? grams Molarity - moles ? liters soln Molar volume - moles ? liters gas Mole ratio - moles ? moles 4. Check answer. How many grams of silver will be formed from 12.0 g copper? Cu + 2AgNO3 ? 2Ag + Cu(NO3)2 12.0 g ？g How many grams of Cu are required to react with 1.5 L of 0.10M AgNO3? Cu + 2AgNO3 ? 2Ag + Cu(NO3)2 ? g 1.5L 0.10M C. Limiting Reagent The reactant that is used up first in a reaction is called the limiting reagent. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 If you are given 65 grams of zinc and 65 grams of HCl, how many grams of hydrogen gas can be produced? Which reactant will be left over? How many grams of this reactant will not be consumed? D. Percent yield 产率 Percent yield = Actual yield Theoretical yield × 100% IIII Thermodynamics热力学 1. System and Surrounding 开放体系 封闭体系 孤立体系 2. Laws of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics says that the energy of the universe is constant. 自然界一切物体都具有能量，能量有各种不同形式，它能从一种形式转化为另一种形式，从一个物体传递给另一个物体，在转化和传递过程中能量的总和不变。 对于人类社会而言，如果单纯的把货币看做是交换的媒介（财富的货币化），我们则可以把货币看做是这一社会系统的能量，同样具有社会货币第一定律： 发行的货币即不会凭空产生（必须有人印钞），也不会凭空消失（除了主动销毁，一般情况下这种量会补，所以不用考虑），货币可以从一个实体传递到另外一个实体（交易），可以在整个人类社会系统中流动，但在一定的情况下，其总额保持不变，比