牛津译林版8b-语法详解之被动语态.docVIP

PAGE PAGE 1 【语法详解】被动语态 ㈠英语中的语态－主动语态和被动语态　　 ⒈英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：①They built a new bridge over the river. (主动) →A new bridge was built over the river by them. (被动) ②Many people speak English. (主动) →English is spoken by many people. (被动)　　 ⒉汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词构成”，即“be＋p.p.”，其中助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化。　　 ㈡被动语态的基本用法　　 ⒈当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be＋过去分词构成，时态通过动词be表现出来。　　 ⒉什么时候使用被动语态　　 ⑴不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。　　 ①Some windows were broken last night. ②This book was published (出版) in 2005. 　　 注意：第②句＝This book came out in 2005. come out 是不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态。　　 ⑵只强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。　　 ①Educational CD-ROMs are sold in many countries. ②Rice was first grown in China.　　 ③English is learned all over the world.　　 注意：不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，如：appear, happen, take place等。　　 ㈢被动语态的基本结构　　 ⒈动作的承受者＋be＋过去分词＋其他＋by＋动作的执行者。 　　 简写为“承受者＋be＋过去分词＋其他＋by＋动作的执行者”。　　 ⒉主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：　　 确定主动语态的时态，它决定着被动语态中的助动词be。→ 找出主动语态的主、谓、宾。　　 → 按照上述句式改写：承受者 +be+过去分词+其他＋by＋执行者　　 ⒊常用的被动语态结构　　 时态　　 结构　　 时态　　 结构　　 一般现在时　　 am/is/are＋p.p. 　　 含情态动词　　 can/may/must/… be＋p.p.　　 一般过去时　　 was/were＋p.p.　　 现在完成时　　 have/has been + p.p.　　 一般将来时　　 will/shall be＋p.p.　　 am/is/are going to be＋p.p.　　 现在进行时　　 am/is/are being + p.p.　　 ⒋主动改为被动语态的例子：主动语态基本结构为主、谓、宾。　　 ⑴His brother washes dishes every day. → Dishes are washed every day by his brother.　　 主(执行者) 谓 宾(承受者) 其他　　 ⑵Peter will clean the room tomorrow. →The room will be cleaned tomorrow by Peter.　　 ⑶He must look after the little boy. →The little boy must be looked after by him.　　 ⑷The students are watching a charity show. →A charity show is being watched by the students.　　 ㈣特殊情况的被动语态　　 简单句五种基本形式中的其中两种变为被动语态时十分重要：　　 ⒈主谓＋双宾：这类短语含有介词to或for。如：give, send, show, buy, make…　　 ⑴give sb sth＝give sth to sb，buy sb sth＝buy sth for sb　　 主动语态：Amy gave me some nice stickers.＝Amy gave some nice stickers to me.　　 被动语态：I was given some nice stickers by Amy.或Some nice stickers were given to me by Amy.