功率测量原理 Power Measurement Basics.ppt

4-* Slide 24 4-* Slide 25 In power measurements, like all measurements, there are many sources of error. Sensor and source impedance mismatch typically cause the largest errors in power measurements. By knowing the SWRs (standing wave ratios) of the sensor and source, uncertainty due to mismatch can be found. Other sensor uncertainties such as effective efficiency and calibration factor are considered also. An analysis of the various instrumentation uncertainties of the power meter follows. Finally, an example combining all errors for a total uncertainty number will be shown. 4-* Slide 26 In a power measurement, we are usually interested in the power delivered to an impedance of Z0, so naturally we want the power sensor to be as close to Z0 as possible. When the sensor is exactly Z0 , none of the signal reflects from the sensor but rather is completely absorbed. Anytime that the sensor impedance deviates from this impedance, reflections will occur. This means that a portion of the source power never reaches the sensing element (and therefore cannot be measured). Similarly, the source will typically be mismatched also and reflections will occur there too. The exact power level actually entering the sensor is unknown since the complex reflection coefficient is not typically known, but rather only the SWR. Although the exact power cannot be found, the maximum and minimum values of the power can be calculated. Mismatch uncertainty is the uncertainty due to the imperfect matches of the source and sensor. The degree of mismatch uncertainty is found using known SWR values for both the sensor and the source. The Agilent E4412A Power Sensor has a SWR of 1.22 at 10 GHz and the source has a SWR of 2.0. A mismatch uncertainty percentage is found by using the equation in the figure. In this example, the mismatch contributes 6.6% uncertainty to the measurement. 4-* Slide 27 power sensor the power in is the net power delivered to the sensor; it is the incident