朱永生 词汇语法互补.pptVIP

* * Complementarity between Lexis and Grammar in Chinese Lexicalization Zhu Yongsheng 1 Introduction Language is a multi-layered semiotic system. It consists of three strata: the stratum of meaning, the stratum of form and the stratum of substance. The stratum of form consists of lexis and grammar. Their interaction often results in new lexis or new structures. Halliday on complementarity 1961: Categories of the theory of grammar; 2019:Language as metaphor; 2019: Construing Experience through Meaning（with Matthiessen) 2019: Complementarities in Language. This paper attempts to look at: 1)definition of lexicalization; 2)major types of Chinese lexicalization; 3)formation of Chinese lexicalization; 4)complementarity between lexis and grammar in Chinese lexicalization 1 Definition of Lexicalization It is a process of turning a non-word element into a word by gradual fossilizing or condensing (e.g. 董秀芳，2019）or a process of turning a less lexicalized element into a more lexicalized element (e.g.李小军，2019). 2 Major Types of Chinese Lexicalization 1) rankshifted from a phrase（由短语降格成词）; 2) evolved from a syntactic structure（由句法结构演变成词）; 3) evolved from a cross-level structure（由跨层结构演变成词） 2.1 Rankshifted from a phrase Process: fixation of word sequence; Form: without any change; Meaning: close relation between characters [1a] 若为三尺之户，二尺之窗，窗户之间，载盈一尺。（后魏·李谧：《明堂制度论》） [1b] 我的办公室一共有两扇窗户。 “窗户”一词原来是“名+名”的结构，现在还是这个结构，但只保留了“窗”即“穴”(hole)的意义，“户”的“半扇门”含义已经脱落。(a hole + half a door ? a window) 2.2 Evolved from a syntactic structure [4a] 汝等听说，令汝等于自身中见自性有三身佛。（唐·慧能：《坛经·忏悔品》） [4b] 听说中山好，韩家阅古堂，画图新将相，刻石好文章。（宋·陈鹄 《耆旧续闻》卷三） [4c] 听说日本昨天又发生了一次地震。 (Listen to me while I am speaking ? it is said) 2.3 Evolved from a cross-level structure Two adjacent characters that belong to different grammatical levels and have no direct semantic connection become a word that can be used independently (属于不同语法层次的、本来没有任何直接组合关系的两个线性序列上相邻的成分经过词汇化而成为一个独立词的现象) 2.2.1 代+名?副词（pron+n ? adv)