吉林大学 地质专业英语 第六课翻译.docVIP

LESSON 6 INTRODUCTION TO IGNEOUS ENVIRONMENTS 第六课 火成环境的介绍 1.Before discussing the methods petrologists use to study and understand igneous rocks, it is useful first to establish some basic definitions. 在开始讨论岩石学家用来研究和理解火成岩的方法之前，首先建立一些基本的概念是有用的。 An igneous rock is defined as any crystalline or glassy rock that formed directly from a magma. 火成岩被定义为直接从岩浆中形成的所有的结晶质或玻璃质岩石。 Magma is a high-temperature molten substance that is chemically complex and contains the molecular building blocks for minerals (the nature and properties of magma are discussed in detail in Chapter 3). 岩浆是一个高温的化学性质很复杂熔融物质包含矿物的分子骨架。（岩浆的性质将在第三章详细讨论） As it cools and crystallizes, a magma reorganizes itself into igneous minerals that individually have simpler chemistry than the parent magma. In any given igneous rock, these individual minerals (for example, quartz, feldspars, olivine) occur as either small or large crystals, both with variable perfection of crystal form. 当岩浆冷凝和结晶时，岩浆重组自己形成独立的比母岩浆化学性质简单的火成矿物。在任何给定的火成岩里，这些独立的矿物（例如，石英，长石，橄榄石）形成的不是小就是大的晶体，都具有各种完整的晶形。 The minerals found in any igneous rock and the characteristics of these minerals depend almost entirely on three things: composition of the original magma, the rate at which it cooled; and the depth in the earth at which it solidified. 这些矿物在任何火成岩中都能被发现，这些矿物的特点完全取决于三个因素：原岩的成分，冷凝的速率，固结成岩的地下深度。 The range of products is enormous, from glassy obsidians, which are volcanic rocks that cooled so rapidly that no crystals could form, to pegmatites, which can contain individual crystals a meter or more in size. 火成岩的种类是很多的，从结晶太快而没有矿物形成的玻璃质黑曜岩到含有大颗粒晶体矿物的结晶花岗岩。 What is igneous petrology? 什么是火成岩石学 2.Igneous petrology is the field of geology in which the object of study is any igneous rock or any process involved in formation of igneous rocks. 火成岩石学是一个地质学领域，它的研究对象是火成岩或者包含火成岩信息的任何过程。 The purpose of studying igneous petrology is to gain an appreciation for how the final appearance and characteristics of igneous rocks are controlled by chemical and physical p