初等教育统计.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * Importance in isolating cause and effect More important than random sampling Impossible with organic variables such as gender Then what? * * If the two groups showed a sizable difference in exam scores at the end of the study, we would be confident that the difference was produced by the one thing that was intentionally varied between the two groups: the type of feedback that they received on their returned exams. * * 2.1實驗性設計(Experimental design): 課程二 * Comment Exam scores age Test-retest Form of test 那我們要如何控制研究的環境讓其他可以影響結果的因素被控制住呢?? * 隨機分配(Random Assignment) 奠基於完全隨機的程序—丟銅板—受測者隨機被分配到實驗組(treatment group) 和對照組(control group)。 在統計上控制所有可能影響結果的因素(statistically equivalent)；也就是說在實驗的一開始，對照組與實驗組有幾乎一樣的成員組成：一開始，這些成員有相近的應變數(果)與其他會影響應變數(果)的因素。 * 課程二 * EX: 隨機變數產生器(Random Number Generator): /Tables/Random.aspx 課程二 * * 隨機分配 * 課程二 Participants i= 1,…,N random assigned T C Comment Time(t) * 2.2 相關性設計(Correlational design):可以使研究者發現兩變數間預測性關係的計畫與一連串步驟。但無法提供足夠資料以確立因果性關係?沒有隨機分配!! 因果性實驗與相關性實驗最大的差別在於隨機分配：在因果性實驗中，樣本被隨機的分配到實驗組與對照組；但在相關性研究裡則無。 隨機分配(Random assignment)就是給予研究者權力可以控制其他(不相干或不感興趣的)因素與決定兩變數間因果關係 。 課程二 * * 預測變數：predictors 效標變數：criteria 不能確認因果關係 樣本是母體的部分子群 (Sample is the subpopulation of Population.) 統計學是一門利用樣本統計值來推論母體參數的科學! 假設就是建立自變數與應變數之間關係的假說。(A hypothesis is proposed relationship between IV and DV.) 研究者利用相關性設計來了解預測性關係；用實驗設計來了解因果關係。(Researcher uses Correlational design to have predictive relationships, and uses Experimental design to discover causal relationship between variables.) * 課程二 * 3Q3Q * * * * * * * * * * A nominal scale consists of a set of categories that have different names. Measurements on a nominal scale label and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations. An ordinal scale consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence. Measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms of size or magnitude. An interval scale consists of ordered categorie