经济学原理part9-短期经济波动-ch24-货币政策和财政政策对总需求的影响.pptVIP

SM, China University of Mining Technology. Copyright?2010 Song Yan 货币政策和财政政策对总需求的影响 24 本章我们将探索这些问题的答案： 利率效应如何帮助我们解释总需求曲线的斜率？ 中央银行如何使用货币政策来移动总需求曲线？ 财政政策通过哪两条途径来影响总需求？ 支持和反对使用政策来稳定经济的理由分别是什么？ 内容提要 在流动性偏好理论中，利率的调整使货币的供求平衡 利率效应可以帮助解释为什么总需求曲线向右下方倾斜：物价水平上升增加了货币需求，提高了使货币市场均衡的利率，并减少投资，进而减少物品与劳务的需求量 内容提要 货币供给的增加降低了物价水平既定时的均衡利率，刺激投资，从而使总需求曲线向右方移动 扩张性财政政策—政府支出增加或减税—使总需求曲线向右移动。紧缩性财政政策使总需求曲线向左移动 内容提要 当政府改变支出或税收时，所引起的总需求变动可能大于或小于财政变动： 乘数效应往往扩大财政政策对总需求的影响 挤出效应往往减少财政政策对总需求的影响 内容提要 经济学家对政府应该如何积极稳定经济的看法并不一致 根据积极稳定政策支持者的看法，政府应该运用财政政策和货币政策来应对产量与就业的不稳定的波动 根据积极稳定政策批评者的看法，货币政策与财政政策发生作用都有相当长的时滞，以至于稳定经济的努力往往以不稳定告终 * In the previous chapter, we saw that shifts in aggregate demand or aggregate supply cause fluctuations in real GDP, employment, and the price level. Such fluctuations are destabilizing to businesses and workers. Policymakers can use fiscal or monetary policy to try to stabilize the economy. This chapter focuses on how these policy tools work, emphasizing the short-run effects of these policies. (Students learned about the long-run effects of fiscal and monetary policy in previous chapters.) Most students find this chapter a bit less difficult than the preceding one. This chapter also reinforces concepts introduced in the preceding one, gives students more exposure to and practice with the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, and sheds light on contemporary policy issues students may be reading about in the newspapers. * The wealth effect is less important because money holdings are only a small part of household wealth. The exchange rate effect is less important because imports and exports are a relatively small percentage of GDP. * To understand the interest-rate effect and how monetary policy shifts AD, students will need to know how money demand depends on r and P. The dependence of money demand on Y is not directly needed here (though it becomes important in the discussion of the crowding-out effect later in this chapter). But if you omit Y