试谈材料相关概论.pptVIP

Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials －Definition 材料的定义 －Types 材料的类型 －Structure 材料的结构 – Structure – properties – processing 结构－性能－工艺之间的关系;Classification of Materials Basis of classification: atomic structures nature of chemical bonds: 金属键 Metallic bond 离子键 Ionic bond 共价键 Covalent bond 范德华健 Van der Waals bond 氢键 Hydrogen bond; Classification（按物理化学属性）   Metallic materials 金属材料  Inorganic-nonmetallic materials  无机非金属材料  Polymeric materials 有机高分子材料  Composite materials 复合材料;Properties Mechanical properties: the behavior of materials deformed by a set of forces.;The four basic aspects of materials science and technology ;Types of Materials Metal Characteristics / properties is strong; can be readily formed into practical It’s ductility is an important asset in permitting small amounts of yielding to sudden and severe loads. ; Types Ferrous metals: pig iron, carbon steel, pure iron Non-ferrous metals: heavy, light, valued and rare metals Special metals: non-crystalline, shape memory alloy;Ceramics Characteristics / properties: brittle Recent development in technology Structural feature: crystalline: the constituent atoms are stacked together in a regular, repeating pattern. ;Polymers Composition: hydrogen and carbon, oxygen Properties Lightweight low-cost low strength low melting point, and higher chemical reactivity ; Structural Characteristic of Materials Forms of solids: crystalline amorphous Crystalline: an ordered arrangement of the elementary particles (ions, atoms or molecules). 晶体结构: 晶体中原子（或离子）在空 间规则排列的方式。; 3.1 Properties of crystals Depend on: the electronic structure of atoms the nature of the interactions in the crystal the spatial arrangement of elementary particles, and the composition, size and shape of crystals. ;Aniso