社会心理学考试要点.docVIP

名词解释 1. social psychology: The scientific study of of how people think about, influence ,and relate to one another. 社会心理学是一门就人们如何看待他人（社思），如何影响他人（社影），又如何互相关联（社关）的种种问题进行科学研究的学科。 2. hindsight bias（事后知明偏见）: The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out. 3. field research（田园研究）: research done in natural, real -life settings outside the laboratory Correlational research（相关研究）: asking whether two or more factors are naturally associated .(status and longevity) detecting natural associations. Advantages: involving important variables in natural settings.(race ,gender and social status) Disadvantages: ambiguous interpretation of cause and effect.. Correlational research allows us to predict, but it cannot tell us whether changing one variable will cause changes in another. Experiment research（实验研究）:manipulating some factor to see its effect another.) Experimental Designs to determine causation Control Random Assignment: the great equalizer.（随机分配） Random assignment can eliminates all extraneous factors.With random assignment, each person has an equal chance Solutions：Single and double-blind procedures（单盲或双盲实验） The ethics of experimentation Social psychologists often alter people’s social experience and note the effect. Sometimes, researchers find themselves operating in a gray area between the harmless and the risky. 4. spotlight effect（焦点效应）：we tend to see ourselves at center stage, and so intuitively(直观的) overestimate（高估） the extent（程度） to which other’s attention is aimed at us. Illusion of transparency（透明度错觉）: People can keenly aware of our own emotions.Fewer people notice than we presume. 5. self-concept（自我概念）: A person’s answers to the question ,”who am I?” 6. self-reference effect（自我参照效应）: the tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself. 7. social comparison（社会比较）：Others around us help to define the standard by which we define ourselves as rich or poor, smart o