机械英语综合教程Lesson 2 Tolerances and Fits.pptxVIP

Lesson 2 Tolerances and fits ;Big Mind;However, it is impossible to make anything to the exact size. Parts can be made to very close dimensions, even to a few millionths of an inch or thousandths of a millimeter, but such accuracy is extremely expensive. ;Fortunately, exact sizes are not needed. The need is for varying degrees of accuracy according to functional requirements. A manufacturer of children’s tricycles would soon go out of business if the parts were made with jet-engine accuracy, no one would be willing to pay such price. So what is wanted is a means of specifying dimensions with whatever degree of accuracy is required. The answer to the problem is the specification of tolerance on each dimension.;The tolerance is the total amount that a specific dimension is permitted to vary; it is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits for the dimension. Manufacturing involves applying a series of operations to components ( parts, subassemblies, etc. ). These operations are intended to ensure specific geometry on work pieces. Dimensions in engineering drawings specify ideal geometry: size, location and shape. Because variations exist in both process and material, the manufacturing process creates a part that has an approximate geometry of the ideal. ;Tolerances are introduced to specify and control the variations. With the advent of assembly lines, it became critical to manufacture interchangeable parts. The use of replacement parts for maintenance operations also requires the interchangeability of parts. Tolerances are used to ensure the parts have this property. ;Two types of tolerances are often used: design tolerances and manufacturing tolerances. Design tolerances are related to the operational requirements of a mechanical assembly or of a component, whereas manufacturing tolerances are mainly designed for a process plan for fabricating a part. Manufacturing tolerances must ensure the realization of design tolerances.;Both design and process engin