财政第五章外部性.ppt

本书观点VS环保主义者的观点 关键的分歧—对污染的评价不一致 * * * * Axes and labels 1st click – MB 2nd click – MPC, Q1 3rd click – MD 4t click – MSC, Q* * * Axes and labels 1st click – MB 2nd click – MPC, Q1 3rd click – MD 4t click – MSC, Q* * * * Axes and labels 1st click – MP shifts up to MPC + cd 2nd click – Pigouvian tax revenues box * Axes and labels 1st click – MP shifts up to MPC + cd 2nd click – dashed lines fi, hj, and hf 3rd click = Pigouvian subsidy * Axes and labels 1st click – MSB 2nd click – MC 3rd click – dashed line and e* 4th click – f* and brown horizontal line 5th click * axes and labels for both graphs 1st click – MCB and dashed vertical lines, MCH and dashed vertical black line 2nd click – horizontal dashed brown line and vertical dashed brown line 3rd click – dashed brown line and Bart’s dashed black line at 50 disappear 4th click – line at f = $50 wipes right 5th click – Bart’s tax payment 6th click – Homer’s tax payment * axes and labels for both graphs 1st click – MCB and dashed vertical lines, MCH and dashed vertical black line; horizontal dashed brown line and vertical dashed brown line 2nd click – 3rd click – dashed brown line and Bart’s dashed black line at 50 disappear 4th click – line at f = $50 wipes right 5th click – Bart’s tax payment 6th click – Homer’s tax payment * * Axes and labels 1st click – MSB 2nd click – MC* 3rd click – MC’ 4th click – f* * Axes and labels 1st click – MSB 2nd click – MC* 3rd click – MC’ 4th click – f* * * * * * Axes and labels 1st click – MPB 2nd click – MC and R* 3rd click – MEB 4th click MSB and R1 5-* McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 第五章 外部性 外部性的性质 外部性-当某一实体的活动以市场机制之外的某种方式直接影响他人的福利 如果影响能够被市场价格所反映, 市场就是有效率的. 外部性如何出现，当资源是稀缺的，然而没有办法通过价格反映其稀缺性 例子：a. 造纸厂，河流，捕鱼， 污染用水 私人拥有资源VS共同拥有资源 根本原因：无人拥有所有权，使用没有市场，外部性就是没有或不能确定产权 外部性的性质 企业和消费者都可能产生外部性 吸烟, 宠物 外部性具有相互性 负的相互性: 侵权人和受害人， 取决于各自立场 外部性可能是正的 公共物品可以被看做是一种特殊的外部性 具有外部性，外部性是正的，且外部性是经济中所有人都可获益 界限模糊 公共物品可以被看作正的外部性，正的外部性不一定是公共物品 图