韦钰院士创新人才培养报告会.pptVIP

* This slide shows how if the stimuli are from emotional stimuli coming in through the sensing pathways [vision, sound, touch, etc.] are threatening, the thalamus can through the amygdala stimulate the hypothalamus to stimulate through促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（CRF） the pituitary gland at the base of the brain to release （ACTH）促肾上腺皮质激素which stimulates the adrenal gland on the kidneys to release cortisol and the autonomic nervous system. Cortisol affects all the tissues in the body from muscles to the brain and thus has a powerful affect on both our neurological and physical functions. Excess cortisol can be damaging to tissues. Cortisol also affects the hippocampus which is a structure related to long-term memory and behaviour that influences the prefrontal cortex. Cortisol’s affect on the hippocampus has the tendency to shut down the stimulus to the hypothalamus. In contrast, cortisol’s affect on the amygdala is to reinforce the affect of the emotional stimulus on the hypothalamus. This can be considered to be a biological thermostat. McEwen refers to this complex function which affects our everyday life as allostasis. The stress pathway involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (McEwen, 2002; Sapolsky, 2003). This produces in contrast to the LHPA pathway, the quick reaction to stress. The hormones released by stressful stimuli work at different speeds. Epinephrine (adrenaline) works quickly while cortisol’s (a glucocorticoid) action is slower. The amygdala plays a major role in the response to stress through the autonomic nervous system (epinephrine) and the cortico releasing factor (CRF) pathways. How the neurons in these pathways function can have major effects on physical and mental health and behaviour. * * * HPA轴： 下丘脑－垂体－肾上腺 早期的和忽视和虐待 长期慢性的压力 会使HPA激素系统异常 感觉刺激 垂体 氢化可的松 氢化可的松 CRF ACTH 杏仁核 海马 肾上腺 下丘脑 室旁核 LeDoux, Synaptic Self 03-002 丘脑 大脑皮层 HPA轴： 下丘脑－垂体－肾上腺 情绪对形成记忆有很大影响，有正面的，也有负面的影响。 如何提高学生学习的主动性： 1，给学生一些具有挑战性的任务，让他感到新奇 2，和学生已有经验相连接的，他较容易有兴趣的学习任务 3，使学生能有学习主动参与