第七章 语言变化.pptVIP

Chapter 7 Language change All languages change over time though they do so rather slowly. Old English— modern English ancient Chinese ---modern Chinese Historical linguistics(历史语言学） is a branch of linguistics that is mainly concerned with both the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time. Language changes phonological change (语音上的变化） Lexical and semantic change 词汇和语义上的变化 Morphological and syntactic change （形态和句法上的变化） 1 phonological change phonological change tend to be systematic Old english differs greatly from modern english Morphological and syntactic change Addition of affixes (词缀的增加） loss of affixes (词缀的消失） Change of word order (词序的改变） Change in negation rule（否定规则的改变） Addition of affixes There are 2 ways of the addition of affixes: from borrowing and from grammaticalizing(虚化） Borrowed affixes: During middle English times, many French words containing the suffix –ment (accomplishment, commencement) were introduced into English. Since then, -ment was widely used with bases that wrer not of French origin to form new words Some lexical forms became grammaticalized over time, this process is called grammaticalization(语法化/ 虚化） : in the case where two words are frequently adjacent, over time they can become fused together to form a single unit consisting of a base and an affix.(在这种情况下：如果两个词语经常出现在一起，久而久之，它们就会融合成为一个新词，原来的那两个词中，一个变成了词基，一个变成了词缀） Fusion(融合）：refers to this type of grammaticalization in which words develop into affixes, either prefixes or suffixes.(融合指词语演变成词缀，要么前缀要么后缀这样一种语法化过程） “再说”的语法化历程 再说在古代汉语中是两个都具有实在意义的词语，“再”表示第二次，“说”表示“诉说，告诉”等义，由于这两个词经常一起出现，久而久之，两个实词的原本意义弱化，最后变成了现代汉语中表示关联的连词。 再”与“说”结合在一起使用，其后带宾语约出现于五代。例如: (1) 佛令阿难为侍者，阿难就佛乞于三愿:一、不愿着故衣，二、不得诫别请，三、廿五年前教法，为我再说。(五代《敦煌变文集新书》) （2）文振再说“颜子好学”一章。(宋·朱熹《朱子语类》卷三十) （3）武松把那打大虫的本事，再说了一遍。(元·施耐庵《水浒传》第二十三回) 宋朝开始“再说”结合的更加紧密，其表示再次言说的意义变弱： （4）再说月香小姐，自那日进了钟离相公衙内……(明·抱瓮老人《今古奇观》(上)) “再说”已经有凝固为一个词的嫌疑，表示话题转移。 “再说”逐渐发展，出现在连谓结构形式中，位置后移至句末，且不带后续成分，不具有言 说义，成为非语义重心的“再说”。例如: （5）这些朋友当中，一向只有