第11章节dna的复制、修复跟重组-dnatranscr资料教材.ppt

DNA Transcription Basic features Common to DNA replication 1) Template, Unwinding and Torsion-relieving are necessary; 2) Proceed only in the 5′→3′direction; Uncommon to DNA replication 1) No need for primers 2) NTPs instead of dNTPs; UTP instead of dTTP 3) Lacking proof-reading activity ( error rate is 1 in 104 or 105 nts added ) 4) Specific regions (not all DNA sequence) can be transcribed 5) To a specific gene, only one strand can be transcribed Remember some nomenclature conventions Central Dogma DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases  - RNAP Common features RNAP DNA + NTPs /Mg2+ DNA + RNAs + nPPi 2nPi Differences between DNAP and RNAP Prokaryotic RNAP Eukaryotic RNAPs Viral RNAPs Detailed Transcriptional Mechanism Three-step process 1) Initiation 2) Elongation 3) Termination DNA transcription in prokaryotes DNA transcription in eukaryotes In vitro DNA transcription Prokaryotic DNA Transcription Initiation 1) what is promoter? 2) how to determine the promoter sequences?-DNase I footprinting 3) Consensus sequences 4) Formation of transcriptional complex Elongation Termination Differences Transcription Bacteria vs. Eukaryotes Multiple Polymerases –at least 3 types of RNAPs Chromatin and Nucleosomes Unable to initiate transcription on their own -- Require Transcription Factors (TF，转录因子) Unable to recognize Promoters on their own Primary transcripts contain exons The Promoters are complex. Multiple regulatory proteins can bind to the promoter. Cis-acting elements (顺式作用元件) and Trans-acting factors(反式作用因子). Enhancer, silencer insulator mRNAs are mostly monocistronic (单顺反子) Genes controlled by positive control - off unless activators are present In eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in separate compartments. MULTI-STEP MODELPRE-INITIATION COMPLEX MULTI-STEP MODELINITIATIO