曼昆《经济学原理》6供给与需求：政府管制.pptVIP

Figure 8 A Payroll Tax Copyright?2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning Quantity of Labor 0 Wage Labor demand Labor supply Tax wedge Wage workers receive Wage firms pay Wage without tax Elasticity and Tax Incidence In what proportions is the burden of the tax divided? 税负如何划分呢？ How do the effects of taxes on sellers compare to those levied on buyers? 卖者与买者各负担多少呢? The answers to these questions depend on the elasticity of demand and the elasticity of supply. 答案取决于供给和需求的弹性 Figure 9 How the Burden of a Tax Is Divided Copyright?2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning Quantity 0 Price Demand Supply Tax Price sellers receive Price buyers pay (a) Elastic Supply, Inelastic Demand 2. . . . the incidence of the tax falls more heavily on consumers . . . 1. When supply is more elastic than demand . . . Price without tax 3. . . . than on producers. Figure 9 How the Burden of a Tax Is Divided Copyright?2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning Quantity 0 Price Demand Supply Tax Price sellers receive Price buyers pay (b) Inelastic Supply, Elastic Demand 3. . . . than on consumers. 1. When demand is more elastic than supply . . . Price without tax 2. . . . the incidence of the tax falls more heavily on producers . . . So, how is the burden of the tax divided? The burden of a tax falls more heavily on the side of the market that is less elastic. 更多的税负落在缺乏弹性的一侧。 ELASTICITY AND TAX INCIDENCE Summary Price controls include price ceilings and price floors.价格控制包括价格上限和下限。 A price ceiling is a legal maximum on the price of a good or service. An example is rent control.价格上限的定义 A price floor is a legal minimum on the price of a good or a service. An example is the minimum wage.价格下限的定义 Summary Taxes are used to raise revenue for public purposes.税收用于为公共项目筹资。 When the government levies a tax on a good, the equilibrium quantity of the good falls. 对物品征税，这种物品的均衡数量会下降。 A tax on a good places a wedge between the price paid by buyers and the price received by sellers. 征税在卖价和买价之间形成一个楔子。 Summary The