第一章 计算机系统概述教学课件.ppt

Merits of Abstraction: easy understanding, easy designing, compatibility Difference between Architecture and Organization. Computer Architecture: 1)how the software looks at the hardware? 2) functional, abstract view of hardware reflected in software. 每一层用户看到的计算机是不一样的。最终用户工作在应用程序层面，看到的是应用程序虚拟机，只知道如何使用相应的应用程序；应用程序开发人员在程序设计语言层面工作，看到的是高级语言虚拟机，只要会使用各种程序设计语言编程；系统维护人员工作在操作系统层面，看到的是操作系统虚拟机，只要知道系统中的命令和工具如何使用；系统程序员（OS和编译器开发人员）工作在计算机逻辑结构层面，看到的是汇编语言虚拟机；而汇编语言就是一台计算机指令系统的符号化表示，计算机的功能和性能就由机器的指令系统集中体现出来。 Hello程序被启动后，计算机的动作过程如下： Shell程序读取字符串“./hello”中各字符到寄存器，然后存放到主存； “Enter”键输入后，操作系统内核（载入程序）根据主存中的字符串“hello”到磁盘上找到特定的hello目标文件，将其包含的指令代码和数据（“hello, world\n”）从磁盘读到主存，并将控制权转交给hello程序，即将hello程序的第一条指令的地址送到PC中；处理器从hello主程序的指令代码开始执行；Hello程序将“hello, world\n”串中的字节从主存读到寄存器，再从寄存器输出到显示器上。 Ingot ? wafer ? die ? chip Please click “how chips are made” on the course website to see the steps in details. Question asked by a student: why is the wafer a round shape, not a square shape? This slide gives some formulae to calculate the die cost. “X is n times faster than Y” in English means X = (n+1) Y. Need to explain 1) clock cycle, 2) clock frequency. Mention that CPI is important. So CPU time is determined by 3 factors. The formula is specially useful because it separates the 3 key factors that affect performance. Time : ( length, CPI, Clock). Which are software dependent and which are hardware dependent? The table shows how such 3 factors are affected by other techniques. So CPU time is determined by 3 factors. The formula is specially useful because it separates the 3 key factors that affect performance. Time : ( length, CPI, Clock). Which are software dependent and which are hardware dependent? The table shows how such 3 factors are affected by other techniques. CPU execution time, clock cycle are easy to get. How to measure CPI or instruction count? Static counting for small programs or dynamic recording tools(simulator and hardware counter) for large programs. Change of one parameters would