ChapterCulturalvalues跨文化交际文化价值观模式课件.ppt

3) FUTURE ORIENTATION Future-oriented cultures emphasize what is to come and expect the future to be grander and nicer than the present. The word old is associated with “falling behind and uselessness, while new is related to progress, change and challenge. People even believe they can control the future. Future orientation prevails in the western culture. Such as the U.S. dominant culture, “If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.” “Yesterday is not ours to recover, but tomorrow is ours to win or to lose.” 2.2.4. Activity orientation Being（存在） : a nondevelopmental model Being-in-becoming （成为） : a spiritual goal of inner harmony and peace. Doing（做）: activity that leads to external accomplishments 1) BEING ORIENTATION People in being-orientated cultures accept people, events, and ideas as flowing spontaneously. They stress release, indulgence of existing desires, and working for the moment.” Most Latino cultures have the view that the current activity is the one that matters the most. In Mexico, for example, people take great delight in the simple act of conversation with family and friends. Mexicans will talk for hours with their companions, for they believe that the act of “being” is one of the main goals and joys of life 2 ) BEING-IN-BECOMING ORIENTATION The being-in-becoming orientation stresses the idea of development and growth. It emphasizes the kind of activity that contributes to the development of all aspects of the self as an integral whole. This usually correlates with cultures that value a spiritual life more than a material one. For example, in both Hinduism and Buddhism, people spend a portion of their lives in meditation and contemplation in an attempt to purify and fully advance themselves. Many of the New Age religious movements in the United States also stress the need to develop the being-in-becoming approach to daily life. 3) DOING ORIENTATION The key to this orientation is a value system that stresses activity and