生理学英文课件内分泌Endocrinology.pptVIP

Relations between Pituitary and Hypothalamus (1) VP and Oxytocin are synthesized in Hypothalamus but released in posterior pituitary (green). (2) Hormones produced in Hypothalamus are carried via Hypothalamic-Hypophysial portal system to anterior pituitary and regulate the endocrine cells activity in the anterior pituitary (red). TRH CRH GnRH GHRH//GHRIH PRF//PIF MRF//MIF VP OXT Hormone Secreted from Hypothalamus and Pituitary TSH ACTH LH/FSH GH PRL MSH Thyroid hormone Thyrotropin/TSH Thyrotropin RH GHRH/GHRIH GH Hypothalamus Pituitary Glands or Target Cells TRH（促甲状腺激素释放激素） TSH（促甲状腺激素） Neural Control Feedback control (Negative and positive) 3. Control by other hormones Regulation of hormones secretion OXT VP OXT PRL Addison, Thomas 1793-1860 γMSH Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) 阿黑皮素 αMSH βMSH ACTH Part IIIPhysiological functions of Growth Hormone I. Introduction of GH (Somatotropin) Effects on almost all tissues of the body, such as bone, muscle etc. However, most of GH functions are dependent on IGF-1 (Somatomedin), which is produced in liver. Furthermore, Insulin and carbohy-drate are necessary for the growth-promoting action of GH II. Physiological functions of GH Effects on metabolism (1) Enhance protein synthesis and reducing breakdown of protein; (2) Enhance fat utilization for energy (adipose tissue); (3) Increase blood glucose concentration — Excess GH induces hyperglycemia and subsequently Diabetes (Diabetogenic) Promotes growth of many body tissues Increase in cell size and number; Jyoti Amge 68.2cm Dwarfism Nino 70cm Gigantism The tallest male 271cm Acromegaly 9 Y 16 Y 33 Y 52 Y Diaphysis (shaft) Cartilage Epiphyses (Most importantly, GH stimulates cartilage and bone growth in length and thickness) OMP (Osteoblast Milk Protein) Pre-Clinical study；FDA III. Regulation of GH Secretion GH secretion occurs all our life, but decreases with ages. Daily secretion is in a pulsatile pattern with fluctuation during the 24 h. Othe