语言和语言学习的理论201102.pptVIP

What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communications.(胡壮麟，刘润清,1988) 语言是人类特有的一种符号系统，当它作用于人与人的关系的时候，它是表达相互反应的中介；当它作用于人和客观世界的关系的时候，它是认知事物的工具；当它作用于文化的时，它是文化信息的载体和容器。 《许国璋论语言》，外语教学与研究出版社，1991年，p.1） 把语言视为符号系统 把语言视为交际工具 把语言视为一套生理机制 把语言视为思维工具和文化载体 Three different views of language Structural view Functional view Interactional view The structural view The structural view sees language as a linguistic system.(结构主义语言学创始人费尔迪南?德?索绪尔 ) The system of language = the system of sounds + the system of words + the system of grammar System ofLanguage 3 sub-systems Target of language learning in structural view the mastery of elements of this system Structural view stimulus-response the audiolingual approach (the “listen-and-repeat” drilling activities). The functional view (The functional-notional view) The functional view sees language as a linguistic system and as a means for doing things. 功能主义学派大师韩礼德教授认为:语言是社会交往的工具，语言系统是人们在长期交往中为了实现各种不同的语义功能而逐渐形成的. Functions of language e.g. offering, suggestion, advising, apologizing, etc. The Interactional View The interactional view sees language as a communicative tool (to build up and maintain relations between people). Two things are needed for communication: Rules of language form (grammar vocabulary) Rules of language use in a context (Is it appropriate to use this language item in this context?) Views on language learning The Condition-oriented theories concern the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place. The Process-oriented theories concern how the mind processes new information. The Behaviourist theory( Condition-oriented) the Cognitive theory Constructivist theory (The Process-oriented) Socio- Constructivist theory The Behaviourist theory You can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response,