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现在完成时
【语境展示】观察下面各组句子中现在完成时的用法，并加以总结。
1. a. I have lost my pen.
b. Someone has broken the window.
c. I havent visited?London?before.
d. Ellen hasnt finished her homework.
e. Have you seen the sea?
f. Has the boy washed his hands?
2. a. Put your wallet away. I have already paid for everything.
b. I havent spoken to her yet.
c. This is a lonely road. We havent met another car so far.
d. We have kept our meetings secret up to now.
e. I have lived at home till now.
3. a. The building has been here since 1876.
b. The man has been in prison for five years.
c. They have lived in that city all their lives.
d. Henry has been ill in recent years.
e. She has been away from her family in the last / past three years.
4. a. This / It is the first time that I have been to this beautiful mountain village.
b. This / It is the last time that he has gone back to his hometown.
c. This / It is the most gorgeous architecture that I have ever seen.
d. This / It is one of the most interesting books I have read.
【归纳】通过观察以上句子，我们可总结出：
现在完成时由“have / has +动词-ed形式”构成，其否定形式为“havent / hasnt +动词-ed形式”。变一般疑问句时，将have / has提到主语之前（如第1组例句）。
现在完成时可以表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already, yet, so far, up to now, till now等连用（如第2组例句）。这类词还有just, recently, ever, never, before等。
现在完成时还可以表示从过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态，常与since / for引导的词语，?all ones life, in recent years,?“in the last / past +时间段”等连用（如第3组例句）。
注意：此用法中的动词常是延续性的。短暂性动词的现在完成时的肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，需要用相应的延续性动词替换，常见的有：leave?→?be away; borrow?→?keep; buy?→?have; begin / start?→?be on; die?→?be dead; move to?→?live in; finish / end?→?be over; join?→?be in / be a member of; fall ill / asleep?→?be ill / asleep; catch a cold?→?have a cold; marry?→?be married; come / arrive?→?be。
以下结构中that从句常用现在完成时：
1. This / It is the first / second / ... / last time + that从句
2. This / It is (one of ) +形容词最高级+ n. + that从句
（如第4组例句）
【拓展】?现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：
1. I lived in?Taiyuan?for 3 years.
2. I have lived in?Taiyuan?for 3 years.
这两个句子时间状语都是for 3 years，但使用的时态不同，表示的意义也不同。句1用一般过去时表示live这个动作在过去延续
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