A-LEVEL学习资料：经济学AS讲义---BASIC ECNOMIC IDEA.docVIP

来源：青岛扬格剑桥A-level中心? ? / PAGE PAGE 1 Topic 1 Basic Economic Ideas What is Economics? Economics – studies the allocation of scarce (scarce = limited) resources in response to unlimited wants. What is scarcityScarcity is basic economic problem Scarcity is basic economic problem Limited resources: 资源的有限性 In economic we categories the resources available to us into four types. There are known as factors of production: . Land: 土地，又称自然资源，它包括土地、森林、矿藏和河流等一切自然资源。natural resources in their natural states. Examples: minerals, oil, water, forests. 土地，又称自然资源，它包括土地、森林、矿藏和河流等一切自然资源。 2) Labor 劳动，它是指人类拥有的体力和脑力劳动的总和– the human capacity to work. 劳动，它是指人类拥有的体力和脑力劳动的总和 3) Capital 资本，亦称资本货物（或资本品），它是指人类所生产出来的且用于生产其他产品所需的一切工具、机器设配、厂房等的总称– anything that is produced in order to increase productivity in the future; includes human capital and physical capital. 资本，亦称资本货物（或资本品），它是指人类所生产出来的且用于生产其他产品所需的一切工具、机器设配、厂房等的总称 In economics, capital does NOT include financial capital, such as money, stocks, and bonds!!! Examples: Machines, vehicles, buildings (factories, warehouses, offices, etc.), skills. Physical capital（物质资本） – includes buildings, machinery, and equipment. Human capital （人力资本）– acquired skills and abilities embodied within a person. 4) Entrepreneurship 企业家才能，是指企业家组织生产、经营管理、努力创新和承担风险的能力总和，有时简称为“企业家”或 企业家才能，是指企业家组织生产、经营管理、努力创新和承担风险的能力总和，有时简称为“企业家”或“管理才能” Unlimited wants： 欲望的无限性 Scarcity: Wants are unlimited but resources are scarce. 相对于人类需要的无限性而言，任何资源和商品都是稀缺的 How scarcity implies choice？ Scarcity means we must choose. （because of scarcity, we need to decide how to use limited resources） When you use a resource for one good, you can’t use that resource for something else. Example: the building we are in is being used as a school. Therefore, we do not get to use it as a hotel, business office, or anything else that we want. We must choose one thing. 4. Opportunity cost:机会成本使用所失去的最佳选择来度量的成本或收益。 The benefit lost from the next best alternative 机会成本使用所失去的最佳选择来