职位说明书销售总监title资料.pptVIP

TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS;? ;Gas emissions leading to secondary aerosol;DMS, (CH3)2S, is the major one of biogenic gases emitted from sea;Dimethylsulfide;DMS and Climate;Figure adapted from Charlson et al. (1987) “Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate” Nature, vol. 326, pp. 655-661;DMS oxidation;About atmospheric SO2;0%;50%;Aqueous versus Gas Phase Oxidation;SO2 emissions from volcanoes (1);SO2 emissions from volcanoes (2);Volcano locations;Continuously erupting volcanoes;Atmospheric impact of volcanoes;;Acid aerosols reside in the stratosphere for several years Aerosol veils increase optical depth of the atmosphere (inc. optical depth of 0.1% = 10% reduction sunlight reaching Earth surface). Spread around the globe by stratospheric winds ;Atmospheric effects of volcanic eruptions;; Volcanoes do not inject chlorine into the stratosphere. Aerosols improve efficiency with which CFC`s destroy ozone, by activating anthropogenic bromine and chlorine, indirectly leading to enhanced destruction of stratospheric ozone Relatively short lived - aerosols last only 2-3 years in the stratosphere;;3. Latitude Proximity to the stratosphere: smaller eruptions at high latitude can inject as much SO2 into the stratosphere as larger eruptions at lower latitudes Stratospheric dispersal: Aerosols from tropical eruptions have the potential to spread around the globe (e.g Pinatubo). Atmospheric influence of eruption outside the tropics is contained within the middle and polar latitudes of the hemisphere of origin ;;;;;;;Global sulfur emissions ;GLOBAL SULFUR EMISSION TO THE ATMOSPHERE (1990 annual mean);Industrial SO2 emissions;In 1985: about 81% of anthropogenic sulfur emissions were from fossil fuel combustion, 16 % from industrial processes, 3 % from large scale biomass burning and 1% from the combustion of biofuels, but these figures have to be revised for more recent years. The total amount for 1985 is estimated at : 76 Tg S a-1, accurate to 20-30% ;Fut