《环境仪器分析》第五章紫外-可见吸收光谱法.ppt

* * 光吸收定律 郎伯-比尔定律 此定律使用的前提条件是： 入射光为单色光； 吸收过程中各物质无相互作用； 辐射与物质的作用仅限于吸收过程，没有荧光、散射和光化学现象； 吸收物是一种均匀分布的连续体系。 * * 透射比或透光率： 百分透射比：T％； 百分吸光率：1－T％； 吸光度： 光吸收定律 * * 紫外-可见光谱中的一些常见术语 1、吸收光谱（Absorption Spectrum）又称吸收曲线，是以波长λ（nm）为横坐标，以吸光度（Absorbance, A）或透射比（Transmittance, T）为纵坐标所绘制的曲线。 2、吸收峰（Absorption Peak）是吸收曲线上吸光度最大的地方，它所对应的波长称为最大吸收波长（λmax） 3、谷（Valley）是峰与峰之间的最低部位，其对应的波长称最小吸收波长（λmin）。 4、肩缝（Shoulder peak），在一个峰旁边产生的曲折。 5、末端吸收（End absorption），在谱图短波端呈现强吸收但不成峰行的部分，称为末端吸收。 * * 吸光度的加和性 当溶液中含有多种对光产生吸收的物质，且各组分间不存在相互作用时，则该溶液对波长为λ的总吸光度等于溶液中每一成分的吸光度之和，即吸光度具有加和性。用以下公式表示： Aλ总 = Aλ1 + Aλ2 + Aλ3 + Aλ4 +…..+ Aλn = (K1c1 + K2c2 + K3c3 + K4c4 +…..Kncn)b 注意：在同一波长下 * * 紫外-可见吸收光谱的分区 远紫外区 近紫外区 可见光区 Purple red orange yellow green blue Violet Main types of UV-Vis Absorption Spectra Absorption by organic compounds Absorption by inorganic compounds * * All organic compounds are capable of absorbing electromagnetic radiation because all contain valence electron that can be excited to higher energy levels. The excitation energies associated with electrons forming most single bonds are high; thus, absorption by this type of electron is restricted to the so-called vacuum ultraviolet region (λ 180 nm) where components of the atmosphere also absorb strongly. The experimental difficulties associated with the vacuum ultraviolet are formidable; as a result, most spectrophotometric investigations of organic compounds have involved the wavelength region greater than 180 nm. Absorption of longer-wavelength ultraviolet and visible radiation is restricted to a limited number of functional groups (called chromophores) that contain valence electrons with relatively low excitation energies. * * Absorption by Organic Compounds Molecular orbital treatment: The electrons that contribute to the absorption characteristics of an organic molecule are: (1) Those that participate directly in bond formation between atoms and are thus associated with more than one atom; (2) nonbonding or unshared outer electrons tha