自动化专业英语看图写话.docVIP

uR uR + + + R e i L + R + uL i e L + uL C uC a) b) + 图 1-1A-3 含有 R、 L 和 C 的串联电路 Consider the circuit shown in Fig. 1-1A-3a,which consists of an inductor and resistor connected in series to a voltage source e. Assuming a loop current i, the voltage drops summed around the loop are e u R u 0 L The input voltage is summed negatively since ,in the direction of assumed current,it represents an increase in voltage. The drop across each passive element is positive since the current is in the direction of the develop votage. Using the equations for the voltage drops in a resistor and inductor,we have L di dt Ri e Eq. (1-1A -6) is the differential equation for the current in the circuit. Fig. 1-1A-3b shows a series circuit containing a resistor ,inductor ,and capacitor. Following the Mesh-analysis method outlined above,the circuit equation is di 1 L Ri idt dt C e Recalling that current i=dq/dt, a substitution of this variable may be made to eliminate the integral from the equation .the result is the second-order differential equation d d 2 t q 2 R dq dt q C L e 开环和闭环系统（如图 2-1A-1 ）：开环控制系统是控制行为与输出无关的系统。而闭环 系统，其被控对象的输入在某种程度上依赖于实际的输出。 因为输出以由反馈元件决定的一 种函数形式反馈回来，然后被输入减去。闭环系统通常是指负反馈系统或简称为反馈系统。 Open-loop and closed-loop control systems(see Fig.2-1A-1).An open-loop system is one in whice the control action is independent of the output, A closed-loop system,however,the input of the plant is somehow dependent on the actual output.Since the output is fed back in a functional form determined by the nature of the feedback elements and then subtracted from the input ,a closed-loop system is often referred to as a negative feedback system or simply as a feedback system. 连续和离散系统： 所有变量都是时间的连续函数的系统称做连续变量或模拟系统， 描述 的方程是微分方程。离散变量或数字系统有一个或多个只是在特殊时刻可知的变量，如图 2-1A-2b ，描述方程是差分方程。如果时间间隔是可控的，系统被称做数据采样系统。离散 变量随机地产生，例如： 为只能接受离散数据的数字计算机提供一个输入。 显然， 当采样间 隔减小时，离散变量就接近一个连续变量。 Continuous and discrete systems: the system that all its variables are continuous function of time is called continuous-variable or anal